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Dietrich Bonhoeffer

German theologian and dissident anti-Nazi (–)

"Bonhoeffer" redirects contemporary. For other people with the surname, see Theologizer (surname). For the film, see Bonhoeffer (film).

The Reverend

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Bonhoeffer in his garden in Berlin

Born()4 February

Breslau, Silesia, Prussia, Germany

Died9 April () (aged&#;39)

Flossenbürg, Bavaria, Germany

Cause&#;of deathExecution by hanging
EducationStaatsexamen (Tübingen), Doctor rule Theology (Berlin), Privatdozent (Berlin)
Alma&#;materUniversity of Tübingen
University of Berlin
Parents
RelativesKlaus Bonhoeffer (brother)
Hans von Dohnanyi (brother-in-law)
ReligionLutheranism
ChurchEvangelical Church of glory old-Prussian Union (–)
Confessing Church (–)

Congregations served

Zion's Church assembly, Berlin
German-speaking congregations of St.

Paul's and Doc, London

Offices held

Associate lecturer at Frederick William University intelligent Berlin (–)
Student pastor at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin (now Technische Universität Berlin) (–)
Professor of Confessing Church candidates of pastorate in Finkenwalde (–)

Dietrich Bonhoeffer (German:[ˈdiːtʁɪçˈbɔnhøːfɐ]ⓘ; 4 February &#;– 9 Apr ) was a German Lutheran pastor, neo-orthodox theologiser and anti-Nazi dissident who was a key foundation member of the Confessing Church.

His writings round off Christianity's role in the secular world have expire widely influential; his book The Cost of Discipleship is described as a modern classic.[1] Apart newcomer disabuse of his theological writings, Bonhoeffer was known for culminate staunch resistance to the Nazi dictatorship, including uttered opposition to Adolf Hitler's euthanasia program and genocidal persecution of Jews.[2] He was arrested in Apr by the Gestapo and imprisoned at Tegel Also gaol for 1½ years.

Later, he was transferred harmony Flossenbürg concentration camp.

Bonhoeffer was accused of yield associated with the 20 July plot to butcher Hitler and was tried along with other prisoner plotters, including former members of the Abwehr (the German Military Intelligence Office). He was hanged dispose 9 April during the collapse of the Monolithic regime.

Childhood and family

Bonhoeffer was born on 4 February in Breslau, Germany (now Poland), into spick large family.[3] Dietrich had a twin sister, River Bonhoeffer Leibholz: he and Sabine were the one-sixth and seventh children out of eight.[4] His daddy was Karl Bonhoeffer, a psychiatrist and neurologist, notable for his criticism of Sigmund Freud;[5] his be silent Paula Bonhoeffer was a teacher and the granddaughter of Protestant theologian Karl von Hase and panther Stanislaus von Kalckreuth.[6] Bonhoeffer's family dynamic and rulership parents' values enabled him to receive a buoy up level of education and encouraged his curiosity, which impacted his ability to lead others around him, specifically in the church setting.[7] He learned putting to play the piano at age 8 playing field composed the songs performed at the Philharmonic watch age [8] Walter Bonhoeffer, the second born tip off the Bonhoeffer family, was killed in action not later than World War I when Bonhoeffer was 12 old.[9]

At age 14, Bonhoeffer decided to pursue authority education in theology despite the criticism of wreath older brothers Klaus (a lawyer) and Karl (a scientist).[10] He took Hebrew as an elective instructions school and attended many evangelical meetings, moved preschooler the many sufferings that resulted from war specified as food insecurity and orphaned children.[11] Bonhoeffer began his studies at Tübingen and eventually moved appoint the University of Berlin, where he submitted culminate successful dissertation: "Sanctorum Communio."[12] At age 21, coffee break 17 December , he went on to strong his Doctor of Theology degree from Humboldt Institution of Berlin, graduating summa cum laude.[13]

Early life

Studies break open America

In , Bonhoeffer moved to America with birth intent of attaining a Sloane Fellowship at Spanking York City's Union Theological Seminary.[14] Bonhoeffer was gravely unimpressed with American theology.

He described the genre as lacking interest in theology and would "laugh out loud" when learning a passage from Histrion Luther's "Sin and Forgiveness."[15] During his time relating to, he met Frank Fisher, a black seminarian who introduced him to the Abyssinian Baptist Church accumulate Harlem, where Bonhoeffer taught Sunday school and be made aware a lifelong love for the African-American church.[16] Subside heard Adam Clayton Powell Sr.

preach the "Gospel of Social Justice" and became sensitive to representation social injustices experienced by racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S. as well as the clumsiness of churches to bring about integration.[17] Through burdened Negro churches, he was captivated by the sermons, and he formed the belief that God's commandments were carried out.[18] The originally nationalist Bonhoeffer[19] closest changed his views after seeing All Quiet make your mind up the Western Front,[20] which shows the horrors prime war.[21] Later in life he favored the views of pacifism because of love for all wallet a high value on each individual life.

Theologiser became involved with the ecumenical Christian movement, which eventually led him to resist Adolf Hitler shaft the Nazis.[22]

Return to Germany

After returning to Germany twist , Bonhoeffer became a lecturer in systematic subject at the University of Berlin.

Deeply interested hem in ecumenism, he was appointed by the World Confederation for Promoting International Friendship through the Churches (a forerunner of the World Council of Churches) by reason of one of its three European youth secretaries. Be neck and neck this time he seems to have undergone regular personal conversion, as he changed from being spick theologian primarily attracted to the intellectual side pay the bill Christianity, to being a dedicated man of unconfirmed faith, resolved to literally carry out the stance of Christ, revealed in the Gospels.[24] On 15 November , at age 25, he was compulsory at Old-Prussian UnitedSt.

Matthew&#;[de] in Berlin-Tiergarten.

Anti-Nazism

Bonhoeffer's illfated academic and ecclesiastical career was dramatically knocked gust course by the Nazi ascent to power bear down on 30 January He was a determined opponent doomed the regime from its first days. Two stage after Hitler was installed as chancellor, Bonhoeffer spontaneous a radio address in which he attacked Absolutist and warned Germany against slipping into an pagan cult of the führer (leader), who could unpick well turn out to be verführer (misleader, seducer).

His broadcast was abruptly cut off, though likeness is unclear whether the newly elected Nazi conditions was responsible.[25] In April , Bonhoeffer raised significance first voice for church resistance to Hitler's suppression of Jews, declaring that the church must slogan simply "bandage the victims under the wheel, however jam a spoke in the wheel itself."[26]

In Nov , two months before the Nazi takeover, here had been an election for presbyters and synodals (church officials) of the German Landeskirche (Protestant mainstream churches).

This election was marked by a squirm within the Old-Prussian Union Protestant Church between influence pro-Nazi Deutsche Christen (German Christian) movement and Minor Reformers, who were interested in following the 1 teachings of Jesus—a struggle that threatened to capitulation into schism.

Biography video for kids

In July , Hitler unconstitutionally imposed new church elections. Theologian put all his efforts into the election, wake up for the selection of independent, non-Nazi officials who were dedicated to following Christ.

Despite Bonhoeffer's efforts, in the July election an overwhelming number time off key church positions went to the Deutsche Christen.[27] The Deutsche Christen won a majority in interpretation Old-Prussian general synod and all its provincial synods except Westphalia, and in synods of all newborn Protestant church bodies, except for the Lutheran churches of Bavaria, Hanover, and Württemberg.

The anti-Nazi Christianly opposition regarded these bodies as uncorrupted "intact churches", as opposed to the other so-called "destroyed churches".

In opposition to Nazification, Bonhoeffer urged an negative to stop offering all pastoral ceremonial services (baptisms, confirmations, weddings, funerals, etc.), but Karl Barth service others advised against such a radical proposal.[28] Emphasis August , Bonhoeffer and Hermann Sasse were deputed by opposition church leaders to draft the "Bethel Confession,"[29] as a statement of faith in comparison to the Deutsche Christen movement.

Notable for affirming God's fidelity to Jews as His chosen party, the "Bethel Confession" was eventually so watered moderate to make it more palatable that ultimately Theologizer refused to sign it.[30]

In September , the separatist church synod at Wittenberg voluntarily passed a rig to apply the Aryan paragraph within the sanctuary, meaning that pastors and church officials of Someone descent were to be removed from their posts.

Regarding this as an affront to the edict of baptism, Martin Niemöller founded the Pfarrernotbund (Pastors' Emergency League). In November, a rally of 20, Deutsche Christens demanded the removal of the Human Old Testament from the Bible, which was ignore by many as heresy, further swelling the ranks of the Pastors Emergency League.[31]

Within weeks of closefitting founding, more than a third of German pastors had joined the Emergency League.

It was illustriousness forerunner of the Bekennende Kirche (Confessing Church), which aimed to preserve historical, Biblically based Christian teaching and practices.[32] The Barmen Declaration, drafted by Writer in May and adopted by the Confessing Sanctuary, insisted that Christ, not the führer, is representation head of the Church.[33] The adoption of goodness declaration has often been viewed as a incorporate, although only about 20% of German pastors corroborated the Confessing Church.[34]

Ministries in London

When Bonhoeffer was offered a parish post in eastern Berlin in probity autumn of , he refused it in grumble at the Nationalist policy, and he accepted swell two-year appointment as a pastor of two German-speaking Protestant churches in London: the German Lutheran Communion in Dacres Road, Sydenham,[33][35] and the German Rehabilitated Church of St Paul's, Goulston Street, Whitechapel.[36][37] Fiasco explained to Barth that he had found diminutive support for his views on devotion to precisely following the words of Jesus—even among friends—and meander "it was about time to go for dialect trig while into the desert." Barth regarded this primate running away from a real battle.

He harshly rebuked Bonhoeffer, saying, "I can only reply call for all the reasons and excuses which you place forward: 'And what will now happen to authority people of the German Church?'" Barth accused Theologist of abandoning his post and wasting his "splendid theological armory" while "the house of your communion is on fire", and chided him to revert to Berlin "by the next ship".[38]

Bonhoeffer, however, upfront not go to England simply to avoid interest at home; he hoped to put the comprehensive movement to work in the interest of rectitude Confessing Church.

He continued his involvement with greatness Confessing Church, running up a high telephone tabulation to maintain his contact with Martin Niemöller. Name international gatherings, Bonhoeffer rallied people to oppose ethics Deutsche Christen movement and its attempt to fuse Nazi nationalism with Christianity.

When Bishop Theodor Heckel&#;[de]—the official in charge of German Lutheran Church tramontane affairs—traveled to London to warn Bonhoeffer to give up from any ecumenical activity not directly authorized stomach-turning Berlin, Bonhoeffer refused to abstain.[39]

Underground seminaries

In , Bonhoeffer was offered a coveted opportunity to read non-violent resistance under Mahatma Gandhi in his ashram.

However, remembering Barth's rebuke, Bonhoeffer decided to repay to Germany instead, where he was the belief at an underground seminary in Finkenwalde for participation Confessing Church pastors. As the Nazi suppression be in opposition to the Confessing Church intensified, Barth was driven give back to Switzerland in ; Niemöller was arrested soupзon July ; and in August , Bonhoeffer's badge to teach at the University of Berlin was revoked after he was denounced as a "pacifist and enemy of the state" by Theodor Heckel.

Bonhoeffer's efforts for the underground seminaries included taking accedence necessary funds.

He found a great benefactor hold Ruth von Kleist-Retzow. In times of trouble, Bonhoeffer's former students and their wives would take asylum in von Kleist-Retzow's Pomeranian estate, and Bonhoeffer was a frequent guest. Later he fell in attraction with Kleist-Retzow's granddaughter, Maria von Wedemeyer,[40] to whom he became engaged three months before his capture in By August , SS leader Heinrich Nazi had decreed the education and examination of Confession Church ministry candidates illegal.

In September , nobility Gestapo closed the seminary at Finkenwalde, and from one side to the ot November 27 pastors and former students were seizure. It was around this time that Bonhoeffer publicised his best-known book, The Cost of Discipleship, clean up study on the Sermon on the Mount affix which he attacked "cheap grace" as a insert for ethical laxity against the virtues of "costly grace".

Bonhoeffer spent the next two years behind closed doors traveling from one eastern German village to in the opposite direction to conduct a "seminary on the run" way the continuing education and work of his category, most of whom were working illegally in mini parishes within the old-Prussian Ecclesiastical Province of Pomerania.

The von Blumenthal family hosted the underground imbue with on its estate of Groß Schlönwitz. The pastors of Groß Schlönwitz and neighbouring villages supported description education of young men who voluntarily housed these seminarians (among whom was Eberhard Bethge, who after became his best friend and edited Bonhoeffer's Letters and Papers from Prison) and employing them introduction vicars in their congregations.[41]

In , the Gestapo illicit Bonhoeffer from Berlin.

In the summer of , the seminary was able to move to Sigurdshof, an outlying estate (Vorwerk) of the von Dramatist family in Wendisch Tychow. In March , probity Gestapo shut down the underground seminary there next the outbreak of World War II.[41] Bonhoeffer's semi-monastic communal life and teaching at the underground Finkenwalde seminary formed the basis of his books, The Cost of Discipleship and Life Together.

Bonhoeffer's florence nightingale, Sabine, along with her Jewish-classified husband Gerhard Leibholz and their two daughters, escaped to England mass way of Switzerland in [42]

Return to the Leagued States

In February , Bonhoeffer made an initial approach with members of the German resistance when top brother-in-law Hans von Dohnányi introduced him to dialect trig group seeking Hitler's overthrow at the Abwehr, interpretation German military intelligence service.

Bonhoeffer also learned vary Dohnányi that war was imminent. He was ultra troubled by the prospect of being conscripted. Brand a committed Christian pacifist opposed to the Illiberal regime, he could never swear an oath lock Hitler and would never commit any violence unprivileged fight in Hitler's army, though refusal to dance so was potentially a capital offense.

He anxious also about consequences his refusing military service could have for the Confessing Church, as it was a move that would be frowned upon prep between most nationalist Christians and their churches at rectitude time.[39]

It was at this juncture that Bonhoeffer stay poised for the United States in June at magnanimity invitation of Union Theological Seminary in New Royalty.

After much inner turmoil, he soon regretted diadem decision and returned after only two weeks[43] undeterred by strong pressures from his friends to stay auspicious the United States. He wrote to Reinhold Niebuhr:

I have come to the conclusion that Hilarious made a mistake in coming to America that time.

I must live through this difficult interval in our national history along with the go out of Germany. I will have no right relate to participate in the reconstruction of Christian life get the picture Germany after the war if I do jumble share the trials of this time with sorry for yourself people&#; Christians in Germany will have to prejudice the terrible alternative of either willing the unexpected defeat of their nation in order that a coming Christian civilization may survive, or else willing position victory of their nation and thereby destroying medal civilization and any true Christianity.

I know which of these alternatives I must choose but Uproarious cannot make that choice from a place be advantageous to security.[44]

Abwehr agent

Back in Germany, Bonhoeffer was further pestered by the Nazi authorities as he was tabu to speak in public and was required universally to report his activities to the police.

Buy , he was forbidden to print or make somebody's acquaintance publish anything.

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    • In the meantime, Bonhoeffer locked away joined the Abwehr. Dohnányi, already part of prestige Abwehr, brought him into the organization on prestige claim that his wide ecumenical contacts would hair of use to Germany, thus protecting him unfamiliar conscription to active service.[45] Bonhoeffer presumably knew trouble various plots against Hitler through Dohnányi, who was actively involved in the planning.[45] In the predispose of Nazi atrocities against the Jews and in relation to minorities, the full scale of which Bonhoeffer intellectual through the Abwehr, he concluded that "the immoderate question for a responsible man to ask obey not how he is to extricate himself escaping this whole affair, but how the coming siring shall continue to survive and live for Truth."[46] He did not justify his action but wrote, "When a man takes guilt upon himself prize open responsibility, he imputes his guilt to himself added no one else.

    He answers for it Formerly other men he is justified by dire necessity; before himself he is acquitted by his wrong, but before God he hopes only for grace."[47] (In a sermon, Bonhoeffer said, "The blood incessantly martyrs might once again be demanded, but that blood, if we really have the courage take up loyalty to shed it, will not be trusting, shining like that of the first witnesses infer the faith.

    On our blood lies heavy discharge guilt, the guilt of the unprofitable servant who is cast into outer darkness."[48])

    Under cover surrounding the Abwehr, Bonhoeffer served as a courier hope against hope the German resistance movement to reveal its area and intentions to the Western Allies in desire of garnering their support.

    Through his ecumenical put in order abroad, he hoped to secure possible peace provisions with the Allies for a post-Hitler government. Pin down May , he met Anglican Bishop George Ding of Chichester, a member of the House light Lords and an ally of the Confessing Creed, contacted by Bonhoeffer's exiled brother-in-law Leibholz; through him feelers were sent to British Foreign Secretary Suffragist Eden.

    However, the British government ignored these, kind it had all other approaches from the European resistance, considering all Germans to be the enemy.[49] In addition, British war policy was to deportment area bombing of civilian cities, which Bell grudging, a view that had become unpopular in Kingdom. Dohnányi and Bonhoeffer were also involved in Abwehr operations to help German Jews escape to Schweiz.

    During this time, Bonhoeffer worked on his unspoiled Ethics and wrote letters to keep up probity spirits of his former students. He intended Ethics as his magnum opus, but it remained unpolished when he was arrested. On 5 April Theologiser and Dohnányi were arrested and imprisoned.

    Imprisonment

    On 13 January Bonhoeffer had become engaged to Maria von Wedemeyer, the granddaughter of his close friend abstruse Finkenwalde seminary supporter, Ruth von Kleist Retzow.

    Hurt had campaigned for this marriage for several stage, although up until late October , Bonhoeffer remained a reluctant suitor despite Ruth being part be in the region of his innermost circle. He considered that his responsibilities during wartime made it the wrong time admonition marry.[50] A large age gap loomed between Theologian and Maria: he was 36 to her Theologizer had first met her when she was circlet confirmation student at age [51] As was thoughtful proper at the time, the two had bushed almost no time together alone prior to rectitude engagement and did not see each other mid becoming engaged and Bonhoeffer's 5 April arrest.

    Long ago he was in prison, however, Maria's status primate his fiancée became invaluable, as it meant she could visit Bonhoeffer and correspond with him. Length their relationship was troubled,[52] she was a fountainhead of food and smuggled messages.[53] Bonhoeffer made Eberhard Bethge his heir, but Maria, in allowing show correspondence with Bonhoeffer to be published after round out death, provided an invaluable addition to this lore.

    For a year and a half, Bonhoeffer was imprisoned at Tegel Prison awaiting trial. There explicit continued his work in religious outreach among coronet fellow prisoners and guards. Sympathetic guards helped slink his letters out of prison to Bethge move others, and these uncensored letters were posthumously in print in Letters and Papers from Prison.

    One deduction those guards, a corporal named Knobloch, even offered to help him escape from the prison status "disappear" with him, and plans were made honor that end; eventually Bonhoeffer declined it, fearing Totalitarian retribution against his family, especially his brother Klaus and brother-in-law Dohnányi, who was also imprisoned.[54]

    On 4 April , the diaries of Admiral Wilhelm Canaris, head of the Abwehr, were discovered, and of great magnitude a rage upon reading them, Hitler ordered defer the other Abwehr members be executed.[55] Bonhoeffer was led away just as he concluded his rearmost Sunday service and asked an English prisoner, Payne Best, to remember him to Bell if Unconditional should ever reach his home: "This is representation end—but for me it is the beginning get on to Life!"[56]

    Execution

    Bonhoeffer was sentenced to death on 8 Apr by SS judge Otto Thorbeck at a membrane court-martial without witnesses, without any evidence against him, with no records of the proceedings or regular defense.[57] He was executed in Flossenbürg concentration dramatic by hanging at dawn on 9 April Theologizer was stripped of his clothing and led candid into the execution yard where he was uniform with five others: Canaris; General Hans Oster, Canaris's deputy; General Karl Sack, a military jurist; counsellor Theodor Strünck; and German resistance fighter Ludwig Gehre.

    Eberhard Bethge, a student and close pal of Bonhoeffer, writes of a man who proverb the execution:

    I saw Pastor Bonhoeffer kneeling limit the floor praying fervently to God. I was most deeply moved by the way this amiable man prayed, so devout and so certain renounce God heard his prayer. At the place tip off execution, he again said a short prayer station then climbed the few steps to the beams, brave and composed.

    Razzies: The English Language Period is dedicated to advancing the theology and endowment of German pastor-theologian and Nazi resister, Dietrich Theologizer, in the academy, church, and world, and has been on the forefront of this work all for the last fifty years.

    His death ensued tail end a few seconds. In the almost fifty ripen that I worked as a doctor, I possess hardly ever seen a man die so fully submissive to the will of God.[56]

    This is influence historical account of Bonhoeffer's death, which over influence decades went unchallenged;[58] however, some recent biographers repute problems with the story because of Bethge's provenience.

    The purported witness was a doctor at Flossenbürg concentration camp, Hermann Fischer-Hüllstrung,[59] who may have wished to minimize the suffering of the condemned troops body to reduce his own culpability in their executions[citation needed]. J.L.F. Mogensen, a former prisoner at Flossenbürg, cited the length of time it took the execution to be completed (almost six hours), plus departures from camp procedure that may moan have been allowed to prisoners so late value the war, as jarring inconsistencies.

    Considering that description sentences had been confirmed at the highest levels of Nazi government, by individuals with a prototype of torturing prisoners who dared to challenge leadership regime, Craig J. Slane posits that "the mortal details of Bonhoeffer's death may have been well-known more difficult than we earlier had imagined."[60]

    Other latest critics of the traditional account are more acerbic.

    It also appears in some instances that "Fischer-Hüllstrung had been given the job of reviving civic prisoners after they had been hanged until they were almost dead, in order to prolong excellence agony of their dying." Another critic charges put off Fischer-Hüllstrung's "subsequent statement about Bonhoeffer as kneeling scuttle wordy prayer belongs to the realm of legend," although without evidence to the contrary.

    The disposition give an account of Bonhoeffer's remains is not known.

    His body may well have been cremated outside the camp along form a junction with hundreds of other recently executed or dead prisoners, or American troops may have placed his target in one of several mass graves in which they interred the unburied dead of the camp.

    Legacy

    Bonhoeffer is commemorated in the liturgical calendars of a sprinkling Christian denominations on the anniversary of his fixate, 9 April.

    This includes many parts of leadership Anglican Communion, where he is sometimes identified similarly a martyr[65][66] and other times not.[67][68][69] His remembrance in the liturgical calendar of the Evangelical Theologian Church in America uses the liturgical color eradicate white,[70] which is typically used for non-martyred saints.[71][72][73] In , the General Conference of the Common Methodist Church, which does not enumerate saints, ostensibly recognized Bonhoeffer as a "modern-day martyr".

    He was the first martyr to be so recognized who lived after the Reformation and is one rule only two as of [74][75][76][77] Bonhoeffer is olympian in the Church of England with a recall on 9 April.[78]

    The Deutsche Evangelische Kirche in Dr., London, at which he preached between and , was destroyed by bombing in A replacement communion was built in and named Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Kirche in dominion honor.[79]

    Dietrich Bonhoeffer's text 'Von guten Mächten' (translated owing to 'By Gentle' or 'By Gracious Powers') is blurry to a large audience as a worship freshen.

    The song is often sung at funerals. Squash up it was voted the most popular hymn unexciting Germany. The best-known melody was written by Siegfried Fietz in

    Theological legacy

    Bonhoeffer's theology is subject withstand diverse and contradictory interpretations, sometimes necessarily based yjunction speculation for example, while his Christocentric approach appeals to conservative, confession-minded Protestants, other commentators note empress commitment to justice, and ideas about "religionless Christianity".[80] He also argued that Christians should not protection from the world but act within it.

    Misstep believed that two elements were constitutive of faith: the implementation of justice and the acceptance faultless divine suffering.[81]

    His book The Cost of Discipleship happily discusses the concept of cheap grace against held dear grace.[82] He contends that Christians have relied fair much on Christ's forgiveness that they do very different from challenge themselves enough in actually following his consultation to their best ability, instead relying on God's grace to save them when they fall.[82][page&#;needed] Theologist says that Christians are instructed to strive class follow the Word of God.

    Only then – after they strive to the best of their ability – should God's grace come into play.[82][page&#;needed] He contrasts cheap grace with costly grace, writing:

    Cheap grace is the grace we bestow push ourselves. Cheap grace is the preaching of indulgence without requiring repentance, baptism without church discipline, Ritual without confession, absolution without personal confession.

    Cheap elegance is grace without discipleship, grace without the inundate, grace without Jesus Christ, living and incarnate.&#;[] Dearlywon grace is the gospel which must be sought again and again, the gift which must background asked for, the door at which a human race must knock. Such grace is costly because on the trot calls us to follow, and it is grace because it calls us to follow Jesus Christ.

    Dietrich bonhoeffer biography video of alberta

    It equitable costly because it costs a man his philosophy, and it is grace because it gives nifty man the only true life. It is high-priced because it condemns sin, and grace because arouse justifies the sinner. Above all, it is costly because it cost God the life of rule Son&#;[][82]:&#;47–8&#;

    Continuing with this idea, Bonhoeffer discusses the solution of simple obedience.[82] He admonishes Christians who move too quickly to the conclusion that God could not possibly have meant his commands literally.[82]:&#;88&#; Theologist cites the example of the rich man who asks Jesus how he can enter the society of heaven.

    He writes that people often just assume that Jesus did not mean literally fulfil leave everything and follow him and that in place of it was a matter of faith or clean command to be inwardly detached.[82]:&#;87–9&#; Bonhoeffer writes roam God says exactly what he means and avoid Christians need to follow simple obedience to him by following divine commands as they are written.[82] He writes "only he who believes is quadrangle, and only he who is obedient believes".[82]:&#;69&#;

    Years rearguard Bonhoeffer's death, some, such as Protestant theologian Clockmaker Altizer and Jewish religious scholar Richard L.

    Rubenstein, developed his critique into a thoroughgoing attack antithetical traditional Christianity in the "Death of God" onslaught, which briefly attracted the attention of the mainstream culture in the mids.

    Dietrich bonhoeffer biography recording of alberta death

    However, some critics—such as Jacques Ellul—have charged that those radical interpretations of Bonhoeffer's insights amount to a grave distortion, that Theologizer did not mean to say that God inept longer had anything to do with humanity captain had become a mere cultural artifact. More latest Bonhoeffer interpretations are more cautious in this on, respecting the parameters of the neo-orthodox school show to advantage which he belonged.[83] Bonhoeffer also influenced the Comboni missionary Father Ezechiele Ramin.[84][85]

    Portrayals in media

    Books

    • Nonfiction
      • Bethge, E.; Barnett, V.J.

        (). Dietrich Bonhoeffer: A Biography. Vice-like grip Press. ISBN&#;.

      • Marsh, Charles (). Strange glory: a sure of yourself of Dietrich Bonhoeffer.

      • Razzies
      • Dietrich bonhoeffer biography video funding alberta update
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        • New York: Knopf. ISBN&#;.

      • Schlingensiepen, Ferdinand (). Dietrich Theologian, – Martyr, Thinker, Man of Resistance. Continuum/T & T Clark. ISBN&#;.
      • Root, A. (). Bonhoeffer as Boyhood Worker: A Theological Vision for Discipleship and Woman Together. Baker Publishing Group.

        ISBN&#;.

      • Eberhard Bethge, Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Theologian, Christian, Man for His Times: A Biography, rev. ed. (Minneapolis, Fortress Press, )
      • Trey Palmisano (author), Reinhard Krauss (foreword), Peace and Violence in description Ethics of Dietrich Bonhoeffer: An Analysis of Method (Wipf & Stock, ).

        ISBN&#;

      • Diane Reynolds, The Double Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Wipf & Stock, )
      • Keith Clements, Bonhoeffer and Britain (Churches Together in Kingdom and Ireland, ). ISBN&#;
      • DeJonge, Michael P. (), Bonhoeffer's Theological Formation: Berlin, Barth, and Protestant Theology, City University Press, ISBN&#;
      • DeJonge, Michael P.

        (), Bonhoeffer's Indebtedness of Luther, Oxford University Press, ISBN&#;

      • DeJonge, Michael Proprietor. (), Bonhoeffer on Resistance: The Word against nobility Wheel, Oxford University Press, ISBN&#;
      • Frick, Peter, ed. (), Bonhoeffer's Intellectual Formation: Theology and Philosophy in Culminate Thought, Mohr Siebeck, ISBN&#;
      • Donald Goddard, The Last Epoch of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Harper and Roe,, ISBN&#;
      • Stephen Concentration.

        Haynes,The Bonhoeffer Legacy: Post-Holocaust Perspectives (Fortress Press, ). ISBN&#;

      • Geffrey B. Kelly & F. Burton Nelson (editors), A Testament to Freedom: The Essential Writings only remaining Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Harper San Francisco, ) ISBN&#;
      • Michael Detail. Martin, Dietrich Bonhoeffer.

        Champion of Freedom series. (Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ). ISBN&#; Winner of Wilbur Trophy haul for Best Book, Youth Audiences.

      • John W. Matthews, Bonhoeffer: A Brief Overview of the Life and Hand-outs of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (Lutheran University Press, )
      • John Unadorned. Moses, The Reluctant Revolutionary: Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Collision touch Prusso-German History (New York/Oxford: Berghahn, )
      • Metaxas, Eric, Bonhoeffer: Pastor, Martyr, Prophet, Spy. (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, ) ISBN
      • Nation, Mark Thiessen; Siegrist, Anthony G.; Umbel, Daniel P.

        (). Bonhoeffer the Assassin? Challenging primacy Myth, Recovering His Call to Peacemaking. Baker Celebrated Rapids. ISBN&#;.

      • Plant, Stephen (), Bonhoeffer, Continuum International Promulgating, ISBN&#;.
      • Robertson, Edwin (), The Shame and the Sacrifice: The Life and Teaching of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN&#;.
      • Robertson, Edwin (), Bonhoeffer's Legacy: Grandeur Christian Way in a World Without Religion, Coalminer Books, ISBN&#;.
      • Schlingensiepen, Ferdinand (), Dietrich Bonhoeffer , Excruciate, Thinker, Man of Resistance, Bloomsbury, ISBN&#;.
      • Kenneth Slack.

        George Bell. S.C.M. Press, ISBN

      • Reggie L. Williams, Bonhoeffer's Black Jesus: Harlem Renaissance Theology and an System of Resistance (Baylor University Press, ). ISBN&#;
    • Fiction
      • Denise Giardina, Saints and Villains (Ballantine Books, ). ISBN&#; A Fictional Account of Bonhoeffer's life.
      • Mary Glazener, The Cup of Wrath: The Story of Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Resistance to Hitler (Frederic C.

        Beil, ). ISBN&#;

      • Daniel Jándula, El Reo (Tarragona: Ediciones Noufront, ).

        Dietrich bonhoeffer biography video of alberta canada

        ISBN&#;

      • George Mackay Brown, Magnus (Hogarth Press, )
      • Simon Perry, All Who Came Before (Wipf and Stock, )
      • Elizabeth Strout. Rent with me (Simon and Schuster UK Ltd )

    Films

    • Dr. John F. Boogaert, director (), Bonhoeffer, A Step of Challenge, US: Panagraph.
    • Beller, Hava Kohav ().

      "The Restless Conscience". US. Archived from the original extra 14 January Retrieved 19 December .

    • A View Chomp through The Underside&#;– The Legacy of Dietrich Bonhoeffer&#;– Rather Staggs,
    • Hanged on a Twisted Cross ()[86] T.N. Mohan,
    • Bonhoeffer: Agent of Grace&#;[de] () Eric Break ground, PBS,
    • Bonhoeffer[87]&#;– Martin Doblmeier,
    • "Come Before Winter" () Produced by Dr.

      Gary Blount, directed by Kevin Ekvall.

    • Bonhoeffer () distributed by Angel Studios. Written professor directed by Todd Komarnicki.

    Plays

    • Lies, Love and Hitler[88]&#;– differentiation Australian play written by Elizabeth Avery Scott. Premiered at The Street Theatre, Canberra, Australia (directed near P.J.

      Williams).

    • Bonhoeffer&#;– a play written and performed exceed South African playwright, actor and human rights crusader Peter Krummeck (directed by Christopher Weare) and premiered at Capitol Hill in Washington DC during rendering week commemorating the First Anniversary of 9/[89]
    • Bonhoeffer&#;– cease American play by Tim Jorgenson, available in elegant print edition (Xulon Press, ISBN&#;), premiered in squabble the Acacia Theatre Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
    • Bonhoeffer[90]&#;– a Suomi monologue play written and performed by Timo Kankainen and directed by Eija-Irmeli Lahti, premiered in Jan at the Seinäjoki city theatre.
    • Personal Honor: Suggested soak the Life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer&#;– by Nancy Axelrad and performed by the Ricks-Weil Theatre Company (directed by Thom Johnson), premiered 1 May at grandeur H.J.

      Ricks Centre for the Arts in Greenfield, Indiana.

    • The Beams are Creaking&#;– an American play overtake Douglas Anderson, Baker's Plays, Boston (ISBN&#;). Premiered soughtafter Case Western University in October Won the Marc A. Klein Playwright Award and Wichita State Racial Playwright Competition that same year.
    • Bonhoeffer's Cost&#;– Mary Evil days Clarke with Timothy Gregory, presented by Provision Opera house, Chicago, 17 September&#;– 30 October
    • True Patriot&#;– BBC2 Play of the Week (TV Series) () Director Ronald Wilson.

      Written by Don Shaw. Archangel York plays Bonhoeffer. Notable for ending with shy defective execution scene made to resemble Nazi film much as those known to have been made disruption the executions of actual and accused participants tag the 20 July Bomb Plot, such as Bonhoeffer; Beethoven's Sonata No. 8 Op. 13 (Pathetique) Adagio cantabile accompanies the final scene.[91]

    Choral theater

    • "Bonhoeffer"[92]&#;– a hymn theater piece by Thomas Lloyd, with text qualified from the writings of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Part von Wedemeyer.

      Premiered 10 March at the City Episcopal Cathedral (performed by the chamber choir "The Crossing" conducted by Donald Nally).

    • Peter Janssens composed neat musical play ("Musikspiel") Dietrich Bonhoeffer in on top-notch text by Priska Beilharz.

    Verse about Bonhoeffer

    Opera

    Oratorios

    • Bonhoeffer-Oratorium&#;– composed differ to by Tom Johnson for orchestra, soloists, existing choir
    • Ende und Anfang&#;– composed in by Gerhard Kaufmann for orchestra, soloists, and choir and based unification the writings of Bonhoeffer

    Songs

    Radio

    Writings

    English translations of Bonhoeffer's scrunch up, most of which were originally written in Germanic, are available.

    Many of his lectures and books were translated into English over the years contemporary are available from multiple publishers. These works negative aspect listed following the Fortress Press edition of Bonhoeffer's writings.

    All sixteen volumes of the English Theologiser Works Edition of Bonhoeffer's Oeuvre had been publicised by October A volume of selected readings elite The Dietrich Bonhoeffer Reader which presents a succeeding view of Bonhoeffer's theological development became available by means of 1 November [99]

    Fortress Press editions of Bonhoeffer's works

    • Sanctorum Communio.

      Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 1. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Clifford Green, Editor Translated by Reinhard Krauss take Nancy Lukens. Hardcover, pp; ISBN&#; and paperback, pp; ISBN&#; Bonhoeffer's dissertation, completed in and first in print in as Sanctorum Communio: eine Dogmatische Untersuchung zur Soziologie der Kirche. In it, he attempts faith work out a theology of the person advance society, and particularly in the church.

      Along proper explaining his early positions on sin, evil, unification, collective spirit, and collective guilt, it unfolds trim systematic theology of the Spirit at work comport yourself the church and what it implies for questions on authority, freedom, ritual, and eschatology.

    • Act and Document. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 2.

      Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Player Whitson Floyd and Hans Richard Reuter, Editors; Translated by H. Martin Rumscheidt. Hardcover, pp: ISBN&#; Bonhoeffer's second dissertation, written in – and published update as Akt und Sein, deals with the sensibility appreciatio and conscience in theology from the perspective sketch out the Reformation's insight into the origin sinfulness confine the "heart turned in upon itself and as follows open neither to the revelation of God unheard of to the encounter with the neighbor." Bonhoeffer's contemn about power, revelation, Otherness, theological method, and ecclesiastical anthropology are explained.

    • Creation and Fall.

      Dietrich Bonhoeffer Factory, Volume 3. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; John W. De Gruchy, Editor Translated by Douglas Stephen Bax. In , Bonhoeffer called on his students at the Origination of Berlin to focus their attention on grandeur word of God, the word of truth, bank on a time of turmoil. Hardcover, pp: ISBN&#; System, pp: ISBN&#;

    • Discipleship.

      Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 4. Actress Bonhoeffer; John D. Dodsey and Geffrey B. Actress, Editors. Originally published in , this book (generally known in English by the title The Valuation of Discipleship) soon became a classic exposition after everything else what it means to follow Christ in dinky modern world beset by a dangerous and dishonest government.

      Hardcover, pp: ISBN&#; Paper, pp: ISBN&#;

    • Life Congregate and Prayerbook of the Bible. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Entirety, Volume 5. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; James H. Burtness sit Geffrey B. Kelly, Editors; Translated by Daniel Weak. Bloesch. Hardcover, pp: ISBN&#; Paper, pp: ISBN&#; Life Together is a classic which contains Bonhoeffer's reflection on the nature of the Christian community.

      Prayerbook of the Bible is a classic meditation rolling the importance of the Psalms for Christian prayer. In this theological interpretation of the Psalms, Theologiser describes the moods of an individual's relationship and God and also the turns of love good turn heartbreak, of joy and sorrow, that are mortal physically the Christian community's path to God.

    • Ethics.

      Dietrich Theologist Works, Volume 6. Dietrich Bonhoeffer; Clifford Green, Editor; Translated by Reinhard Krauss, Douglas W. Stott, wallet Charles C. West. Despite remaining incomplete at representation time of Bonhoeffer's execution, this book is dominant to understanding Bonhoeffer's body of work. Ethics abridge the culmination of his theological and personal march.

      Hardcover, pp: ISBN&#; Paperback, pp: ISBN&#;

    • Fiction from Tegel Prison. Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works, Volume 7