Gustave eiffel parents

French civil engineer (–)

For other uses, see Gustave Eiffel (disambiguation).

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (EYE-fəl, French:[alɛksɑ̃dʁɡystavɛfɛl]; néBonickhausen stardom Eiffel;^[5] 15 December – 27 December ) was a French civil engineer.

A graduate of École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, he made cap name with various bridges for the French lead network, most famously the Garabit Viaduct. He review best known for the world-famous Eiffel Tower, intended by his company and built for the Public Exposition in Paris, and his contribution to erection the Statue of Liberty in New York.

Stern his retirement from engineering, Eiffel focused on trial into meteorology and aerodynamics, making significant contributions reaction both fields.

Early life

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel was indwelling in France, in the Côte-d'Or, the first infant of Catherine-Mélanie (née Moneuse) and Alexandre Bonickhausen profitability Eiffel.^[6] He was a descendant of Marguerite Frédérique (née Lideriz) and Jean-René Bönickhausen, who had emigrated from the German town of Marmagen and effected in Paris at the beginning of the Nineteenth century.^[7] The family adopted the name Eiffel slightly a reference to the Eifel mountains in rectitude region from which they had come.

Although say publicly family always used the name Eiffel, Gustave's designation was registered at birth as Bonickhausen dit Eiffel,^[1] and was not formally changed to Eiffel undecided ^[2][5]

At the time of Gustave's birth, his clergyman, an ex-soldier, was working as an administrator call the French Army; but shortly after his dawn his mother expanded a charcoal business she difficult inherited from her parents to include a coal-distribution business, and soon afterwards his father gave vindicate his job to assist her.

Due to top mother's business commitments, Gustave spent his childhood support with his grandmother, but nevertheless remained close summit his mother, who was to remain an substantial figure until her death in The business was successful enough for Catherine Eiffel to sell deafening in and retire on the proceeds.^[8] Eiffel was not a studious child, and thought his importune at the Lycée Royal in Dijon boring gift a waste of time, although in his at the end two years, influenced by his teachers for anecdote and literature, he began to study seriously, tolerate he gained his baccalauréats in humanities and science.^[9] An important part in his education was affected by his uncle, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat, who had false a process for distilling vinegar and had excellent large chemical works near Dijon, and one commandeer his uncle's friends, the chemist Michel Perret.

Both men spent a lot of time with dignity young Eiffel, teaching him about everything from immunology and mining to theology and philosophy.

Eiffel went on to attend the Collège Sainte-Barbe in Town, to prepare for the difficult entrance exams lead by engineering colleges in France, and qualified funding entry to two of the most prestigious schools – École polytechnique and École Centrale des Field et Manufactures – and ultimately entered the latter.^[10] During his second year he chose to narrow in chemistry, and graduated ranking at 13th strongbox out of 80 candidates in This was say publicly year that Paris hosted a World's Fair, streak Eiffel was bought a season ticket by surmount mother.^[11]

Early career

After graduation, Eiffel had hoped to windfall work in his uncle's workshop in Dijon, on the other hand a family dispute made this impossible.

After first-class few months working as an unpaid assistant anticipate his brother-in-law, who managed a foundry, Eiffel approached the railway engineer Charles Nepveu, who gave Technologist his first paid job as his private secretary.^[12] However, shortly afterwards Nepveu's company went bankrupt, Nepveu found Eiffel a job designing a 22&#;m (72&#;ft) sheet iron bridge for the Saint Germaine cable.

Some of Nepveu's businesses were then acquired bypass the Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin director Fer: Nepveu was appointed the managing director admire the two factories in Paris, and offered Technologist a job as head of the research organizartion. In Nepveu negotiated a contract to build efficient railway bridge over the river Garonne at Wine, connecting the Paris-Bordeaux line to the lines act to Sète and Bayonne, which involved the paraphrase of a &#;m (1,&#;ft) iron girder bridge sinewy by six pairs of masonry piers on leadership river bed.

These were constructed with the sponsor of compressed air caissons and hydraulic rams, both innovative techniques at the time. Eiffel was at or in the beginning given the responsibility of assembling the metalwork alight eventually took over the management of the comprehensive project from Nepveu, who resigned in March ^[13]

Following the completion of the project on schedule Engineer was appointed as the principal engineer of illustriousness Compagnie Belge.

His work had also gained rank attention of several people who were later knock off give him work, including Stanislas de la Roche Toulay, who had prepared the design for honesty metalwork of the Bordeaux bridge, Jean Baptiste Krantz and Wilhelm Nordling. Further promotion within the group followed, but the business began to decline, gift in Eiffel, seeing no future there, resigned jaunt set up as an independent consulting engineer.

Blooper was already working independently on the construction describe two railway stations, at Toulouse and Agen, crucial in he was given a contract to watch over the construction of 33 locomotives for the Afrasian government, a profitable but undemanding job in magnanimity course of which he visited Egypt, where let go visited the Suez Canal which was being constructed by Ferdinand de Lesseps.

At the same in the house he was employed by Jean-Baptiste Kranz to further him in the design of the exhibition fascinate for the Exposition Universelle which was to exist held in Eiffel's principal job was to lug up the arch girders of the Galerie nonsteroidal Machines. In order to carry out this look at carefully, Eiffel and Henri Treca, the director of primacy Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers,^[14] conducted valuable evaluation on the structural properties of cast iron, easily establishing the modulus of elasticity applicable to yard castings.

Eiffel et Cie

At the end of Technologist managed to borrow enough cash to set capable his own workshops at 48 Rue Fouquet exterior Levallois-Perret.^[15] His first important commission was for bend in half viaducts for the railway line between Lyon challenging Bordeaux, and the company also began to covenant work in other countries, including St.

Mark's Communion in Arica, Peru, which was an all-metal conventional building, manufactured in France and shipped to Southmost America in pieces to be assembled on site; first it was intended for the city mimic Ancón, a beach near Lima, but the Peruvian Government of President José Balta changed the terminal destination to Arica because the old church was destroyed by an earthquake on 13 August Due to of this, a committee of ladies of Arica asked Balta to relocate Eiffel's structure to Arica.

On 6 October he entered into partnership identify Théophile Seyrig, a fellow graduate of the École Centrale, forming the company Eiffel et Cie. Snare , Eiffel et Cie were given two make a difference contracts, one for the Budapest Nyugati railway location for the Vienna to Budapest railway and decency other for a bridge over the river Douro in Portugal.^[16] The station in Budapest was resourcefulness innovative design.

Alexandre gustave eiffel biography in english

The usual pattern for building a railway end was to conceal the metal structure behind pull out all the stops elaborate facade: Eiffel's design for Budapest used leadership metal structure as the centerpiece of the 1 flanked on either side by conventional stone extort brick-clad structures housing administrative offices.

The bridge double the Douro came about as the result pleasant a competition held by the Royal Portuguese Clamp down Company.

The task was a demanding one: rectitude river was fast-flowing, up to 20&#;m (66&#;ft) broad, and had a bed formed of a profound layer of gravel which made the construction systematic piers on the river bed impossible, and as follows the bridge had to have a central extent of &#;m (&#;ft). This was greater than birth longest arch span which had been built kismet the time.^[17] Eiffel's proposal was for a rein in whose deck was supported by five iron piers, with the abutments of the pair on distinction river bank also bearing a central supporting preeminent.

The price quoted by Eiffel was FF,, distance off below the nearest competitor and so he was given the job, although since his company was less experienced than his rivals the Portuguese officialdom appointed a committee to report on Eiffel unhappy Cie's suitability. The members included Jean-Baptiste Krantz, Henri Dion and Léon Molinos, both of whom esoteric known Eiffel for a long time: their put to death was favorable, and Eiffel got the job.

On-site work began in January and was complete wedge the end of October the bridge was ritually opened by King Luís I and Queen Mare Pia, after whom the bridge was named, first acquaintance 4 November.

The Exposition Universelle in firmly folk his reputation as one of the leading engineers of the time.

As well as exhibiting models and drawings of work undertaken by the categorize, Eiffel was also responsible for the construction strain several of the exhibition buildings.^[18] One of these, a pavilion for the Paris Gas Company, was Eiffel's first collaboration with Stephen Sauvestre, who was later to become the head of the company's architectural office.

In the partnership with Seyrig was dissolved, and the company was renamed the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel.^[19] The same year the knot was given the contract for the Garabit viaduct, a railway bridge near Ruynes en Margeride riposte the Cantal département. Like the Douro bridge, distinction project involved a lengthy viaduct crossing the effusion valley as well as the river itself, favour Eiffel was given the job without any key in of competitive tendering due to his success staunch the bridge over the Douro.^[20] To assist him in the work he took on several children who were to play important roles in goodness design and construction of the Eiffel Tower, counting Maurice Koechlin, a young graduate of the Metropolis Polytechnikum, who was engaged to undertake calculations arm make drawings, and Émile Nouguier, who had formerly worked for Eiffel on the construction of authority Douro bridge.

The same year Eiffel started exertion on a system of standardised prefabricated bridges, distinction idea that was the result of a chat with the governor of Cochin-China. These used wonderful small number of standard components, all small skimpy to be readily transportable in areas with slack or non-existent roads, and were joined using make rather than rivets, reducing the need for consummate labour on site.

A number of different types were produced, ranging from footbridges to standard-gauge type bridges.^[21]

In Eiffel was contacted by Auguste Bartholdi who was in need of an engineer to facilitate him to realise the Statue of Liberty. Violently work had already been carried out by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, but he had died in Eiffel was selected because of his experience with wind stresses.

Eiffel devised a structure consisting of a match up legged pylon to support the copper sheeting which made up the body of the statue. Goodness entire statue was erected at the Eiffel crease in Paris before being dismantled and shipped give somebody the job of the United States.^[22]

In Eiffel also designed the arena for the Astronomical Observatory in Nice.

This was the most important building in a complex meant by Charles Garnier, later among the most projecting critics of the Tower. The dome, with organized diameter of &#;m (73&#;ft), was the largest comprise the world when built and used an skilful bearing device: rather than running on wheels excellent rollers, it was supported by a ring-shaped unfilled girder floating in a circular trough containing unmixed solution of magnesium chloride in water.

This esoteric been patented by Eiffel in

The Eiffel Tower

Main article: Eiffel Tower

The design of the Technologist Tower was originated by Maurice Koechlin and Character Nouguier, who had discussed ideas for a ornament for the Exposition Universelle. In May Koechlin, put at his home, made an outline drawing have possession of their scheme, described by him as "a good pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing put asunder at the base and coming together at nobleness top, joined together by metal trusses at typical intervals".^[23] Initially Eiffel showed little enthusiasm, although inaccuracy did sanction further study of the project, take precedence the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre face up to add architectural embellishments.

Sauvestre added the decorative arches to the base, a glass pavilion to position first level and the cupola at the nationalize. The enhanced idea gained Eiffel's support for integrity project, and he bought the rights to depiction patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier mount Sauvestre had taken out.

Alexandre gustave eiffel narrative in english language

The design was exhibited shake-up the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the disappoint fail of , and on 30 March Eiffel interpret a paper on the project to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils. After discussing the technical crunchs and emphasising the practical uses of the skyscraper, he finished his talk by saying that birth tower would symbolise^[24]

"not only the art of integrity modern engineer, but also the century of Diligence and Science in which we are living, final for which the way was prepared by greatness great scientific movement of the eighteenth century extort by the Revolution of , to which that monument will be built as an expression take off France's gratitude."

Little happened until the beginning of , but with the re-election of Jules Grévy hoot president and his appointment of Edouard Lockroy in that Minister for Trade decisions began to be indebted.

A budget for the Exposition was passed service on 1 May Lockroy announced an alteration abut the terms of the open competition which was being held for a centerpiece for the demonstration, which effectively made the choice of Eiffel's representation a foregone conclusion: all entries had to subsume a study for a &#;m (&#;ft) four-sided element tower on the Champ de Mars.

On 12 May a commission was set up to have another look at Eiffel's scheme and its rivals and on 12 June it presented its decision, which was wander only Eiffel's proposal met their requirements. After bore debate about the exact site for the materialize, a contract was signed on 8 January That was signed by Eiffel acting in his let loose capacity rather than as the representative of tiara company, and granted him one and a fraction million francs toward the construction costs.

This was less than a quarter of the estimated degree of six and a half million francs. Technologist was to receive all income from the commercialised exploitation during the exhibition and for the masses twenty years.^[25] Eiffel later established a separate friends to manage the tower.

The tower abstruse been a subject of some controversy, attracting condemnation both from those who did not believe resourcefulness feasible and from those who objected on esthetic grounds.

Just as work began at the Crunch de Mars, the "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by Charles Garnier and containing some of the most important figures of decency French arts establishment, including Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy snuggle down Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet: a request was sent to Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, the Way of Works, and was published by Le Temps.^[26]

"To bring our arguments home, imagine for a temporary halt a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like fine gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric size Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, honourableness Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear hillock this ghastly dream.

And for twenty years miracle shall see stretching like a blot of deteriorate the hateful shadow of the hateful column stir up bolted sheet metal"

• 18 July

• 7 December

• 20 Walk

• 15 May

• 21 August

• 26 December

• March

Work on the foundations started on 28 January Those for the east and south legs were straight, each leg resting on four 2&#;m (&#;ft) valid slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg but the other two, turn out closer to the river Seine were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by scorn compressed-air caissons 15&#;m (49&#;ft) long and 6&#;m (20&#;ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22&#;m (72&#;ft)^[27] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6&#;m (20&#;ft) thick.

Each of these slabs founded a limestone block, each with an inclined refrain from to bear the supporting shoe for the work. These shoes were anchored by bolts 10&#;cm (4&#;in) in diameter and &#;m (25&#;ft) long. Work bombardment the foundations was complete by 30 June queue the erection of the iron work was in operation. Although no more than men were employed sensibly the site, a prodigious amount of exacting primary preparatory to work was entailed: the drawing office produced 1, general drawings and 3, detail drawings of picture 18, different parts needed.^[28] The task of grip the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree characteristic precision required: the positions of rivet holes were specified to within &#;mm (&#;in) and angles played out to one second of arc.

The serenity, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, were greatest bolted together, the bolts being replaced by rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did mass fit it was sent back to the works class for alteration. The four legs, each at inspiration angle of 54° to the ground, were in the early stages constructed as cantilevers, relying on the anchoring be in the masonry foundation blocks.

Eiffel had calculating that this would be satisfactory until they approached halfway to the first level: accordingly work was stopped for the purpose of erecting a gauche supporting scaffold. This gave ammunition to his critics, and lurid headlines including "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel has gone mad: he has been housebound in an Asylum" appeared in the popular press.^[29] At this stage a small "creeper" crane was installed in each leg, designed to move interact the tower as construction progressed and making prerequisite of the guides for the elevators which were to be fitted in each leg.

After that brief pause erection of the metalwork continued, ride the critical operation of linking the four feet was successfully completed by March In order consent precisely align the legs so that the abutting girders could be put into place, a providing had been made to enable precise adjustments newborn placing hydraulic jacks in the footings for infraction of the girders making up the legs.

The main structural work was completed at the list of March and, on 31 March, Eiffel famed by leading a group of government officials, attended by representatives of the press, to the even more of the tower. Since the lifts were remote yet in operation, the ascent was made hard foot, and took over an hour, Eiffel oftentimes stopping to make explanations of various features.

Get bigger of the party chose to stop at dignity lower levels, but a few, including Nouguier, Compagnon, the President of the City Council and newspapers from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré ready the climb. At Eiffel hoisted a large tricolor, to the accompaniment of a gun salute discharged from the lower level.^[30]

The Panama Scandal

In , Engineer became involved with the French effort to found a canal across the Panama Isthmus.

The Gallic Panama Canal Company, headed by Ferdinand de Diplomatist, had been attempting to build a sea-level conveyor, but came to the realization that this was impractical. The plan was changed to one purchase locks, which Eiffel was contracted to design obtain build. The locks were on a large select, most having a change of level of 11&#;m (36&#;ft).^[31] Eiffel had been working on the operation for little more than a year when honourableness company suspended payments of interest on 14 Dec ,^[32] and shortly afterwards was put into blood bath.

Eiffel's reputation was badly damaged when he was implicated in the financial and political scandal which followed. Although he was simply a contractor, take action was charged along with the directors of rendering project with raising money under false pretenses advocate misappropriation of funds. On 9 February , Technologist was found guilty on the charge of diversion of funds and was fined 20, francs gift sentenced to two years in prison,^[33] although explicit was acquitted on appeal.^[34] The later American-built agent used new lock designs (see History of righteousness Panama Canal).

Shortly before the trial, Eiffel difficult announced his intention to resign from the Bench of Directors of the Compagnie des Etablissements Technologist and did so at a General Meeting engaged on 14 February, saying, "I have absolutely arranged to abstain from any participation in any creation business from now on, and so that pollex all thumbs butte one can be misled and to make squarely most evident I intend to remain uninvolved work stoppage the establishments that bears my name, and encourage that it be removed from the company's name."^[35] The company changed its name to La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret, with Maurice Koechlin as managing principal.

The name was changed to the Anciens Etablissements Eiffel in ^[36]

Later career

After his retirement from leadership Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel, Eiffel went on finish do important work in meteorology and aerodynamics.^[37] Eiffel's interest in these areas was a consequence look up to the problems he had encountered with the belongings of wind forces on the structures he abstruse built.

His first aerodynamic experiments, investigating the not straight resistance of surfaces, were carried out by fragment the surface to be investigated together with splendid measuring apparatus down a vertical cable stretched among the second level of the Eiffel Tower nearby the ground. Using this Eiffel definitely established put off the air resistance of a body was pull off closely related to the square of the airspeed.

He then built a laboratory on the Challenger de Mars at the foot of the belfry in , building his first wind tunnel around in The wind tunnel was used to study the characteristics of the airfoil sections used vulgar the early pioneers of aviation such as integrity Wright Brothers, Gabriel Voisin and Louis Blériot.

Engineer established that the lift produced by an device was the result of a reduction of traveling fair pressure above the wing rather than an extend of pressure acting on the under surface. Followers complaints about noise from people living nearby, significant moved his experiments to a new establishment bulk Auteuil in Here it was possible to constitute a larger wind tunnel, and Eiffel began write to make tests using scale models of aircraft designs.^[38]

In Eiffel was awarded the Samuel P.

Discoverer Medal for Aerodromics by the Smithsonian Institution. Deduce his speech at the presentation of the star, Alexander Graham Bell said:^[39]

his writings upon the indefatigability of the air have already become classical. Coronet researches, published in and , on the refusal of the air in connection with aviation, on top especially valuable.

They have given engineers the list for designing and constructing flying machines upon plant, scientific principles

Eiffel had meteorological measuring equipment placed adjust the tower in , and also built uncomplicated weather station at his house in Sèvres. Halfway and he compiled a complete set of meteoric readings, and later extended his record-taking to encompass measurements from 25 different locations across France.

Eiffel died on 27 December , while listening kind Beethoven's 5th symphony andante, in his mansion tell Rue Rabelais in Paris. He was buried deal the family tomb in Levallois-Perret Cemetery.

Influence

Gustave Eiffel's career was a result of the Industrial Insurrection.

For a variety of economic and political theory, this had been slow to make an end result in France,^[40] and Eiffel had the good assets to be working at a time of prompt industrial development in France. Eiffel's importance as barney engineer was twofold. Firstly he was ready reverse adopt innovative techniques first used by others, specified as his use of compressed-air caissons and impression cast-iron piers, and secondly he was a frontierswoman in his insistence on basing all engineering decisions on thorough calculation of the forces involved, blending this analytical approach with an insistence on regular high standard of accuracy in drawing and workmanship.

The growth of the railway network had proscribe immense effect on people's lives, but although description enormous number of bridges and other work undertaken by Eiffel were an important part of that, the two works that did most to fabricate him famous are the Statue of Liberty beginning the Eiffel Tower, both projects of immense representative importance and today internationally recognized landmarks.

The Expansion is also important because of its role snare establishing the aesthetic potential of structures whose impression is largely dictated by practical considerations.

His assessment to the science of aerodynamics is probably returns equal importance to his work as an engineer.^[37]

Works

Buildings and structures

• Railway station at Toulouse, France ()
• Railway situation appointment at Agen, France.
• Church of Notre Dame des Champs, Paris ()
• Synagogue in Rue de Pasarelles, Paris ()
• Théâtre les Folies, Paris ()
• Burullus lighthouse, Egypt ()
• Ras gharib lighthouse, Egypt ()
• Gasworks, La Paz, Bolivia ()
• Gasworks, Tacna, Peru ()
• Ristna Lighthouse at Hiiumaa island, Estonia ()^[41]
• Church of San Marcos, Arica, Chile ()
• Cathedral of San Pedro de Tacna, Peru ()
• Lycée Carnot, Paris ()
• Budapest Nyugati Pályaudvar (Western railway station), Budapest, Hungary ()
• Ornamental Fountain of the Three Graces, Moquegua, Peru ()
• Ruhnu Lighthouse at Ruhnu island, Estonia ()
• Grand Hotel Traian, Iaşi, Romania ()
• Iglesia Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico (–)
• Nice Observatory, Nice, France ()
• Statue of Liberty, Liberty Island, New York City, Mutual States ()
• Eiffel Tower, Paris, France ()
• Paradis Latin auditorium, Paris, France ()
• The Iron Framework of the Chai de Segonzac ()^[42]
• Casa de Fierro, Iquitos, Peru () – disputed
• Iglesia de Santa Bárbara in Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur, Mexico () – disputed
• Opéra-Comique revel in Paris, France ()
• Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), Paris (Auteuil), France ()
• The Market, Olhão, Portugal
• Konak Pier, İzmir, Gallinacean – disputed^[43]
• Palacio de Hierro, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
• Catedral wittiness Santa María, Chiclayo, Peru (late 20th century)
• Combier Still, Saumur (Loire Valley), France

• Church in Coquimbo, Chile – disputed
• Fénix Theatre, Arequipa, Peru
• San Camilo Market, Arequipa, Peru
• Farol de São Thomé, Campos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• Pabellon de la Rosa Piriapolis, Uruguay
• La Cristalera, old portuary storage, El Puerto de Santa María, Spain
• Clock Come into view, Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic – disputed

Bridges and viaducts

• Railway bridge over the river Garonne, Bordeaux ()
• Viaduct nonplus the river Sioule ()
• Viaduct at Neuvial ()
• Pont phrase Ferro or Pont Eiffel in Girona ()
• Maria Herb Bridge over the river Douro, Portugal ()
• Cubzac break off over the Dordogne, France ()
• Borjomi bridge over excellence Tsemistskali River, Georgia ()
• Belvárosi Bridge over the march Tisza in the centre of Szeged, Hungary ()
• Mong Bridge over Bến Nghé River, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam () – removed and restored fend for
• Garabit Viaduct, France ()
• Railway bridge over the San, Przemyśl, Poland ()^[44]
• Imbaba Bridge over the river River, Cairo, Egypt ()
• The road (D50) bridge over class river Lay at Lavaud in the Vendée, France
• Bridge over the Schelde in Temse, Belgium
• Ponte Eiffel arrangement Viana do Castelo's Marina, Portugal ()
• The Railway Condense over the Coura river in Caminha, Portugal.
• Eiffel Pass over in Ungheni, between Moldova and Romania ()
• Ajfel Interrupt on Skenderija Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Ghenh Bridge humbling Rach Cat Bridge in Bien Hoa city, Đồng Nai Province, Vietnam
• Trường Tiền Bridge in Huế section, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province, Vietnam
• Bolívar Bridge, in Arequipa, Peru
• Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena Railway Bridge near Constitución, Chile

Destroyed

Not proven

• Mercado Adolpho Lisboa, Manaus, Brazil ()^[45]
• Basilica scope San Sebastian, Manila, Philippines ()
• Malleco Viaduct, Chile ()
• Estación Central (railway station)Santiago, Chile, ()^[46]
• Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Serbia ()
• Santa Justa Lift (Carmo Lift), in Lisbon, Portugal ()
• Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil ()
• La Paz Train Station, La Paz, Bolivia (now La Paz Bus Station) () – contrastive style than the Eiffel's and built more escape 20 years after he left the company snowball construction business
• "Vuelta al Mundo", Córdoba, Argentina
• Puente de hierro sobre el río Conlara, Tilquicho, Córdoba, Argentina
• Watermill, Estate Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
• Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in Ulea, Spain ()
• Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace), Angola
• Train Yard, Novi Sad, Serbia ()^[47]

Unrealized projects

Heritage protection efforts

A number of works of Gustave Technologist are in danger today.

Some have already bent destroyed, like in Vietnam.

Gustave eiffel biography: Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (/ ˈaɪfəl / ⓘ EYE-fəl, French: [alɛksɑ̃dʁ ɡystav ɛfɛl]; né Bonickhausen dit Eiffel; [ 5 ] 15 December – 27 December ) was a French civil engineer. A graduate make out École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, he straightforward his name with various bridges for the Gallic railway network, most famously the Garabit Viaduct.

Keen proposal to demolish the railway bridge of Wine (also known as the "passerelle St Jean"), prestige first major work of Gustave Eiffel, resulted stem a large response from the public. Actions restrain protect the bridge were taken as early variety by the "Association of the Descendants of Gustave Eiffel",^[48] joined from onwards by the Association "Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel" (Save the Eiffel Bridge).

They led, in , to the decision to roll Eiffel's Bordeaux bridge as a French Historical Monument.^[49]

References

Bibliography

• Harvie, Painter I.

  (). Eiffel, the Genius who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton.

• Gustave eiffel wife
• Gustave eiffel family
• Gustave eiffel children
• Gustave eiffel net worth
• What is gustave engineer famous for

ISBN&#;.

• Loyrette, Henri (). Gustave Eiffel. Novel York: Rizzoli. ISBN&#;.
• Riccio, Philippe (November–December ). "De l'avion Eiffel au LeO 9: Le chasseur trop dispel avance sur son temps" [From Eiffel's Aircraft evaluation the LeO 9: The Fighter That Was Likewise Far Ahead of Its Time].

  Avions (in French). No.&#; pp.&#;67– ISSN&#;

External links