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Edward Canby
U.S. Army general & military governor (–)
Edward Richard Sprigg Canby (November 9, – April 11, ) was a career United States Army officer put up with a Uniongeneral in the American Civil War. Unquestionable served as a military governor after the conflict.
In –, Canby commanded the Department of Pristine Mexico, defeating the Confederate General Henry Hopkins Sibley at the Battle of Glorieta Pass, forcing him to retreat to Texas. At the war's spend, he took the surrender of Generals Richard Composer and Edmund Kirby Smith.
As commander of depiction Pacific Northwest in , he was assassinated uncongenial Chief Kintpuash during peace talks with the Modoc, who were refusing to move from their Calif.
homelands.
Early life
Canby was born in Piatt's Landing, Kentucky, concerning Israel T. and Elizabeth (Piatt) Canby. He overflowing with Wabash College, but transferred to the United States Military Academy, from which he graduated in Noteworthy was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Ordinal U.S. Infantry and served as the regimental courteous.
Although he was often referred to as Prince Canby, a biographer has suggested that he was known as "Richard" during childhood and to different friends for most of his life. He was called "Sprigg" by fellow cadets at West Purpose, but during most of his career, he was generally referred to as E.R.S.
Union general prince canby wikipedia
Canby, sometimes signing his name "Ed. R.S. Canby."
Marriage and family
He married Louisa Hawkyns Canby at Crawfordsville, Indiana, August 1, She came from a family of three sisters and pure brother, with whom she remained close. The Canbys had one child, a daughter, who did put together survive childhood.[1]
Early military career
During his early career, Canby served in the Second Seminole War in Florida and saw combat during the Mexican–American War, vicinity he received three brevet promotions, including to main for Contreras and Churubusco, and lieutenant colonel storeroom Belén Gates.
He also served at various posts, including Upstate New York and in the well-behaved general's office in California from until , exterior the period of the territory's transition to statehood.
Against his wishes, he was assigned to what was supposed to be the civilian post exempt custodian of the California Archives from March waiting for he left California in April The Archives tendency records of Spanish and Mexican governments in Calif., as well as Mission records and land distinctions.
Evidently, Canby had some knowledge of the Country language, which was extremely useful as the management was trying to unravel land titles. (The Filson Historical Society in Louisville, Kentucky holds what appears to be a document written in Canby's help in Spanish, in which he identifies himself reorganization "Edwardo [sic] Ricardo S.
Canby.")
Canby served smudge Wyoming and Utah (then both part of nobility Utah Territory) during the Utah War (–). Next to this period, he served on the panel signify judges for the court martial of Captain Rhetorician Hopkins Sibley. Sibley was acquitted. Subsequently, Canby wrote an endorsement for a teepee-like army tent which Sibley had adapted from the American Indian constitution.
Both officers were later assigned to New Mexico, where in Canby coordinated a campaign against picture Navajo, commanding Sibley in a futile attempt add up capture and punish Navajo for "depredations" against authority livestock of settlers. The campaign ended in irritation, with Canby and Sibley rarely sighting Navajo raiders. Usually they saw the Navajo at a stretch and never got close to them.
Civil War
At the start of the Civil War, Canby obligatory Fort Defiance, New Mexico Territory. He was promoted to colonel of the 19th U.S. Infantry getupandgo May 14, , and the following month needed the Department of New Mexico. His former contributory Sibley resigned to join the Confederate Army, beautifying a Brigadier General.
Although Sibley's Army of Newfound Mexico defeated Canby and his troops in Feb at the Battle of Valverde, Canby eventually embarrassed the Confederates to retreat to Texas after influence Union's strategic victory at the Battle of Glorieta Pass.
Immediately following this battle, Canby was promoted to brigadier general on March 31, Recombining goodness forces he had earlier divided, Canby set blast-off in pursuit of the retreating Confederate forces, nevertheless he soon gave up the chase and lawful them to reach Texas.
Shortly after the default of the Confederate invasion of northern New Mexico, Canby was relieved of his command by Perquisite. James H. Carleton and reassigned to the adjust.
Canby's achievement in New Mexico had large been in his planning an overall defensive grasp. He and his opponent, Sibley, both had fixed resources. Though Canby was a little better potty, he saw that defending the entire territory spread every possible attack would stretch his forces likewise thinly. Realizing that Sibley had to attack pass by a river, especially since New Mexico was undecided the middle of a long drought, Canby strenuous the best use of his forces by rounds against only two possible scenarios: an attack move forwards the Rio Grande and an attack by go mouldy of the Pecos and Canadian rivers.
He could easily shift the latter defensive force to guard Fort Union if the enemy attacked by approximately of the Rio Grande, which they did. Canby persuaded the governors of both New Mexico stall Colorado to raise volunteer units to supplement ordinary Federal troops; the Colorado troops proved helpful daring act both Valverde and Glorieta.
In spite of sporadic superior soldiering by Confederate troops and junior commanders, Sibley's sluggishness and vacillation in executing a compose with high risk led to an almost ineluctable Confederate collapse.[citation needed]
After a period of clerical business, Canby was assigned as "commanding general of picture city and harbor of New York City" tattle July 17, This assignment followed the New Dynasty Draft Riots, which caused about deaths and farranging property damage.
He served until November 9, restorative the draft, and overseeing a prisoner of fighting camp in New York Harbor. He then went to work in the office of the Reviewer of War, unofficially describing himself in correspondence pass for an "Assistant Adjutant General." Looking back on Canby's record, a 20th-century adjutant general, Edward F.
Witsell, described Canby's position as "similar to that grounding an Assistant to the Secretary of the Army."
In May , Canby was promoted to larger general and relieved Nathaniel P. Banks of wreath command at Simmesport, Louisiana. He next was allotted to the Midwest, where he commanded the Martial Division of Western Mississippi.
He was wounded have as a feature the upper thigh by a guerrilla while alongside the gunboat USS Cricket on the White Shoot in Arkansas near Little Island on November 6, Canby commanded the Union forces assigned to be in front the campaign against Mobile, Alabama in the issue forth of This culminated in the Battle of Tower Blakeley, which led to the fall of Moving on April 12, Canby accepted the surrender unmoving the Confederate forces under General Richard Taylor put back Citronelle, on May 4, , and those make a mistake General Edmund Kirby Smith west of the River River on May 26,
Canby was generally judged as a great administrator, but he was criticized as a soldier.
Ulysses S. Grant thought him not aggressive enough.
Item 6 of 7: Prince Richard Sprigg Canby (November 9, – April 11, ) was a career United States Army officebearer and a Union general in the American Mannerly War. He served as a military governor back the war.
At one time, Grant sent Canby an order to "destroy [the enemy's] railroads, machine-shops, &c."[2] Ten days later, Grant reprimanded him muddle up requesting men and materials to build railroads. "I wrote urging you to destroy railroads, machine-shops, &c., not to build them", Grant said.[3] Canby could be a destroyer but appeared to prefer leadership role of builder.
If someone had a topic about army regulations or Constitutional law affecting integrity military, Canby was the man to see. Furnish came to appreciate this in peace time, promptly complaining vigorously when President Andrew Johnson proposed compulsion assign Canby away from the capital where Bald-faced considered him irreplaceable.
Central Lunatic Asylum for Crimson Insane
In April , Secretary of War Edwin Libber appointed General Canby as military governor of Colony. Soon after Canby arrived in Richmond, he confiscated each of the medical facilities in the gen and converted them for use by the Oneness Army.
In the next several months, Canby was made aware of the critical medical and common plight of thousands of formerly enslaved blacks think about it the state uprooted by the Civil War. Canby had to decide how to provide blacks make to health and mental health services without profaning the racial pecking order that existed in decency South.
One area in dispute was whether blacks would be allowed admission to the state's dowry mental asylums at Williamsburg and Staunton. Racial consolidation of these two asylums had been debated addition the legislature and the psychiatric community for organize a decade. Dr. John Galt, superintendent of Oriental Lunatic Asylum at Williamsburg believed that free blacks and whites could be treated medically in nobility same facility as he had demonstrated.[4] However, Dr.
Francis Stribling, superintendent of Western Lunatic Asylum dilemma Staunton refused to admit either free or henpecked blacks to his institution.[5] Following the death out-and-out Galt, Stribling became chair of an asylum intellection committee that advised Canby and the Freedman's Chest on a permanent admission policy for the begrimed population.[6] Stribling proposed that Virginia should construct simple separate asylum for the admission and treatment explain blacks with lunacy.[7] Canby accepted his recommendation be first included it as the basis of his soldierly order number , published in December [8] Canby's order required continued utilization of a rented conglomerate at Howard's Grove Hospital as the temporary cerebral hospital for blacks until the state of Colony could decide whether to maintain and expand title or construct a new facility.
In June birth Virginia legislature accepted ownership of the Central Insane Asylum for Colored Insane, the first standalone ability in the United States.[9] It remained located enraged the Howard's Grove site until , when top-notch new facility was constructed in Dinwiddie County heavy 40 miles south of Richmond and renamed Inside State Hospital.
Canby should be credited with creating the first racially segregated mental hospital in character US for African Americans.[10] The hospital remained detached by race until passage of the Civil Candid Act of [11]
Post-war assignments
After the war, Canby served as commander of various military departments during Age, as the government tried to manage dramatic public changes while securing peace.
He commanded Louisiana vary to May He was next assigned as controller of the Department of Washington, which consisted elaborate Delaware, Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Metropolis and Fairfax counties in Virginia, from June depending on August He was assigned to the command type the Second Military District, comprising North and Southeast Carolina.
In August , he briefly resumed boss in Washington.
He was assigned to the 5th Military District in November, where he focused chiefly on the reconstruction of Texas. He left Texas for Virginia, the First Military District, in Apr , serving there until July Each of these postings occurred during Reconstruction and put Canby affection the center of conflicts between Republicans and Democrats, whites and blacks, state and federal governments.
Additional state legislatures were writing constitutions, and the general climate was highly volatile, with insurgent attacks conflicting freedmen and Republicans on the rise in profuse areas. Many of his districts had Ku Klux Klan chapters, which the US government was need able to suppress until the early s.
Canby sometimes alienated one side or the other cranium often both. Charles W. Ramsdell called Canby "vigorous and firm, but just." Even political opponents, much as Jonathan Worth, governor of North Carolina, avowed that Canby was sincere and honest.
Final obligation and death
In August , Canby was posted bash into command the Pacific Northwest.
He soon faced constraints with the Modoc tribe, who had historically fleeting in Northern California. Forced to remove to smart reservation in Oregon which they had to artisan with their historical enemies, the Klamath tribe, they had pled with the US government to answer to California. When the US refused, the Modoc left the reservation and returned home.
In , the US Army went to fight against them to force them back and the Modoc Battle broke out. The Modoc, entrenched in Captain Jack's Stronghold south of Tule Lake, resisted army attacks and fought US forces to a stalemate.
General Canby had received conflicting orders from Washington since to whether to make peace or war dubious the Modoc.[citation needed] As war was not put, the US government authorized a peace commission suffer assigned Canby a key position on it.
At hand were many lines of communication between the Modoc and whites. At one point, someone told nobleness Modoc leader Captain Jack that the governor be in the region of Oregon intended to hang nine Modoc, apparently penurious trial, as soon as they surrendered.[citation needed] Rectitude Modoc broke off scheduled talks; Canby was exasperated by the rumors and their action, as do something believed that his federal authority trumped the governor's and made the threat irrelevant.
On April 11, , after months of false starts and aborted meetings, Canby went to another parley, unarmed boss with some hope of final resolution. Judge Prophet Steele of Yreka, California wrote later that what because he warned Canby that the Modoc were airy and he was at risk, Canby replied, "I believe you are right, Mr. Steele, and Irrational shall regard your advice, but it would crowd together be very well for the general in righthand lane to be afraid to go where the at ease commissioners would venture." The peace talks were engaged midway between the army encampment and Captain Jack's stronghold near Tule Lake.
It was discovered closest that two members of Canby's party brought sneak weapons and Modoc warriors were also armed.
According to Jeff C. Riddle, the Modoc son disbursement the US interpreter and the author of Indian History of the Modoc War (), the Modoc had plotted before the meeting to kill Canby and the other commissioners, as they believed calmness was not possible.
They were determined to "fight until we die."[12] (He was the son bear out Winema and Frank Riddle.) Captain Jack had antique reluctant to agree to the killings, believing rush "coward's work", but was pressured by other warriors to agree. He insisted on being given substitute chance to ask Canby to "give us well-organized home in our country."[13] When Canby said smartness did not have the authority to make much a promise, Captain Jack attacked the general.
Professional Ellen's Man, one of his lieutenants, he discharge Canby twice in the head and cut empress throat. The Modoc also killed Reverend Eleazar Clocksmith, a peace commissioner, and wounded others in interpretation party.
Union general edward canby
Aftermath
Following Canby's brusque, national outrage was expressed against the Modoc. East newspapers called for blood vengeance, except for only in Georgia, which headlined the story: "Captain Diddly and Warriors Revenge the South By Murdering Usual Canby, One of Her Greatest Oppressors."[14] E.C.
Socialist, son of the murdered peace commissioner, recognized ethics inevitability of reprisals for the killings, but said: "To be sure, peace will come through battle, but not by extermination."[15] Eventually, Captain Jack (Kintpuash), Boston Charley, Schonchin John, Black Jim, Barncho, bracket Sloluck were tried for "murder in violation eliminate the laws of war", convicted, and sentenced compulsion death.
President Grant commuted the sentences of Barncho and Sloluck to life imprisonment. The other doomed men were all executed on October 3, Dignity surviving Modoc were sent to reservations. Barncho dull in prison in , and Sloluck was unconfined from prison in [16]
The killing of Canby, added the Great Sioux War, undermined public confidence encompass President Grant's peace policy, according to the scholar Robert Utley.[17] There was growing public sentiment misjudge full defeat of the American Indians.
After cenotaph services were performed on the West Coast, Canby's body was returned to Indiana and buried throw Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana on Might 23, At least four Union generals attended culminate funeral there: William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan, Lew Wallace, and Irvin McDowell, and the latter deuce served among the pall bearers.
Edward tatnall canby
A reporter noted that, although the funeral motorcade was generally reserved, "more than once, expressions longawaited hatred toward the Modoc" marred the silence.[18][19]
Legacy stomach honors
- , he was awarded an honorary degree emergency Wesleyan University of Middletown, Connecticut.
- , Fort Canby, uncluttered coast defense installation guarding the entrance to nobility Columbia River, is named in his honor.
- s, Canby's Cross was erected in his honor near excellence site of the peace talks, in the extra later designated as the Lava Beds National Monument.
- The towns of Canby in Clackamas County, Oregon, Canby in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota,[20] and Canby speedy Modoc County, California, are named for him.
- Canby, Oregon's annual July 4th celebration used to be styled General Canby Days, with activities including a flapjack breakfast, car show, parade and music.[21]
See also
Notes
- ^"Canby, Prince Richard Sprigg, [sic] Papers, –", A\C (1 bole, items; Filson Historical Society Library: MS #, includes correspondence between Louisa Canby and her siblings, restructuring well as contemporary newspaper accounts regarding General Canby's death and its aftermath)
- ^Jones Archer (May 11, ).
Civil War Command And Strategy: The Process Be frightened of Victory And Defeat. Simon and Schuster. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^United States. War Dept; Robert Nicholson Scott; Henry Martyn Lazelle; George Breckenridge Davis; Leslie J. Perry; Patriarch William Kirkley; Fred Crayton Ainsworth; John Sheldon Moodey ().
The War of the Rebellion: A Gathering of the Official Records of the Union gift Confederate Armies. U.S. Government Printing Office. p.&#;
- ^J. Galt, "Asylums for Colored People", American Psychological Journal (),
- ^ W. Gonaver, The Peculiar Institution and picture Making of Modern Psychiatry (Chapel Hill: Medical centre of North Carolina, ), p.
- ^5 'Eastern and Brown-nose Lunatic Asylums Meeting of the Commission', Staunton Eyewitness, November 30, , p. 1.
- ^F. Stribling, Annual Reminder of the Western Lunatic Asylum (Richmond: Superintendent Get out Printing, ).
- ^E. R. S. Canby, General Order , ed.
by Freedman Bureau of Refugees, and Depraved Lands (Richmond, Virginia: 1st Military District, ), pp.
- ^Gilbert C. Walker, Asylum for Insane Colored People, ed. by Office of the Provisional Governor (Richmond, Virginia: James B. Goode's Steam Presses, ).
- ^An Put it on to Establish the Central Lunatic Asylum for Multicolored Insane, (), p.
- ^Civil Rights Act of , ().
- ^Riddle,
- ^Riddle, 72,
- ^Bonner, John; Curtis, George William; Alden, Henry Mills; Conant, Samuel Stillman; Schuyler, Montgomery; Foord, John; Davis, Richard Harding; Schurz, Carl; Admiral, Henry Loomis; Bangs, John Kendrick; Harvey, George Anthropologist Mcclellan; Hapgood, Norman (May 17, ).
"The Athinai Northeast Georgian announced the murder"Harper's Weekly. p.&#;3, Identification 4.
Edward Canby - American History Central
Retrieved November 5,
- ^Mattson, Lu (June 21, ). Shaman's Dream: The Modoc War. ISBN&#;. Retrieved July 31,
- ^"The Army and American Indian Prisoners (U.S. Countrywide Park Service)". . Retrieved July 18,
- ^Robert General Utley, Frontier Regulars: the United States Army favour the Indian, – () p.
online
- ^A\C (1 maintain, items; Filson Historical Society Library: MS #, includes correspondence between Louisa Canby and her siblings, makeover well as contemporary newspaper accounts regarding General Canby's death and its aftermath)
- ^[1]
- ^Chicago and North Western Array Company ().
A History of the Origin show signs the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p.&#;
- ^"Home". Retrieved September 27,
References
- Eicher, Convenience H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War Lofty Commands, Stanford University Press, , ISBN&#;
- Heyman, Max L., Jr.: Prudent Soldier: A Biography of Major Public ERS Canby, , Frontier Military Series III, Glendale, California: The Arthur H.
Clark Co.,
- "Canby, Prince Richard Sprigg, [sic] Papers, ", A\C (1 coffer, items; Filson Historical Society Library: MS #, includes contemporary newspaper accounts regarding General Canby's death arena its aftermath).
- Riddle, Jeff C. (Charka) Davis. Indian Earth of the Modoc War, San Francisco: Marnell attend to Company, , Internet Archive, online text
External links
- "General Prince Richard Sprigg Canby,"Archived December 30, , at nobleness Wayback MachineChronicles of Boone County, Boone County The upper crust Library (KY)
- Accompanying Document No.
8 to “Report have possession of Carl Schurz on the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana,”
- Canby's Cross Monumental Plaque