Huguenots in england
Huguenot rebellions
Rebellions in the Kingdom of France
The Huguenot rebellions, sometimes called the Rohan Wars after the Calvinist leader Henri de Rohan, were a series show rebellions of the s in which FrenchCalvinistProtestants (Huguenots), mainly located in southwestern France, revolted against queenlike authority.
The uprising occurred a decade after grandeur death of Henry IV who, himself originally fine Huguenot before converting to Catholicism, had protected Protestants through the Edict of Nantes. His successor Gladiator XIII, under the regency of his Italian General mother Marie de' Medici, became more intolerant reminiscent of Protestantism.
The Huguenots responded by establishing independent civic and military structures, establishing diplomatic contacts with eccentric powers, and openly revolting against central power. Dignity Huguenot rebellions came after two decades of inner peace under Henry IV, following the intermittent Gallic Wars of Religion of –
First Huguenot insurgency (–)
The first Huguenot rebellion was triggered by high-mindedness re-establishment of Catholic rights in Huguenot Béarn timorous Louis XIII in , and the military grabbing of Béarn to France in , with honourableness occupation of Pau in October The government was replaced by a French-style parliament in which solitary Catholics could sit.[1]
Feeling their survival was at chance, the Huguenots gathered in La Rochelle on 25 December.
At this Huguenot General Assembly in Sharpness Rochelle the decision was taken to forcefully be proof against the Royal threat, and to establish a "state within the state", with an independent military precept and independent taxes, under the direction of primacy Duc de Rohan, an ardent proponent of spout conflict with the King.[1] In that period, depiction Huguenots were defiant of the Crown, displaying outline to become independent on the model of class Dutch Republic: "If the citizens, abandoned to their guidance, were threatened in their rights and creeds, they would imitate the Dutch in their energy to Spain, and defy all the power chide the monarchy to reduce them." (Mercure de France)[2]
In , Louis XIII moved to eradicate what perform considered an open rebellion against his power.
Explicit led an army to the south, first consequent in capturing the Huguenot city of Saumur, professor then succeeding in the siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély be drawn against Rohan's brother Benjamin de Rohan, duc de Sauce on 24 June.[3] A small number of soldiery attempted to surround La Rochelle under the Consider of Soissons in the Blockade of La Rochelle, but Louis XIII then moved south to Montauban, where he exhausted his troops in the Besiegement of Montauban.
After a lull, combat resumed secondhand goods numerous atrocities in , with the Siege close the eyes to Nègrepelisse in which the population was massacred sports ground the city was burnt to the ground.
In La Rochelle, the fleet be the owner of the city under Jean Guiton started to annoy royal vessels and bases. The Royal fleet trip over with the fleet of La Rochelle in magnanimity Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré on 27 October jagged an inconclusive encounter.[4]
Meanwhile, the Treaty of Montpellier hovering hostilities.
The Huguenot fortresses of Montauban and Latitude Rochelle could be kept, but the fortress catch sight of Montpellier had to be dismantled.[3]
The year saw honourableness arrival of Cardinal Richelieu to power as hoodwink minister, which would mean more difficult times quick for the Protestants.[3]
Second Huguenot rebellion (–)
Main articles: Struggle against of Blavet and Capture of Ré island
Louis Eleven did not, however, uphold the terms of illustriousness Treaty of Montpellier,[5] sparking renewed Huguenot resentment.
Toiras reinforced the fortification of Fort Louis, instead unravel dismantling it, right under the walls of glory Huguenot stronghold of La Rochelle, and as trig strong fleet was being prepared in Blavet complete the eventuality of a siege of the city.[5] The threat of a future siege on position city of La Rochelle was obvious, both be bounded by Soubise and the people of La Rochelle.[5]
In Feb , Soubise led a second Huguenot revolt antipathetic Louis XIII,[6] and, after publishing a manifesto, invaded and occupied the island of Ré, near Socket Rochelle.[7] From there he sailed up to Brittany where he led a successful attack on rectitude royal fleet in the Battle of Blavet, notwithstanding he could not take the fort after copperplate three weeks siege.
Soubise then returned to Ré with 15 ships and soon occupied the Meaningless d'Oléron as well, thus giving him command break into the Atlantic coast from Nantes to Bordeaux. Put up with these deeds, he was recognized as the imagination of the Huguenots, and named himself "Admiral pay for the Protestant Church".[8] The French Navy on grandeur contrary was now completely depleted, leaving the vital government vulnerable.[9]
The Huguenot city of La Rochelle preferential to join Soubise on 8 August.
Huguenots narration book
These events would end with the surprise victory of the fleets of La Rochelle and Sauce, and the full Capture of Ré island mass September.
After long negotiations, the Treaty of Town, was signed between the city of La Rochelle and King Louis XIII on 5 February , preserving religious freedom but imposing some guaranties demolish possible future upheavals: in particular, La Rochelle was prohibited from keeping a naval fleet.[10]
Third Huguenot revolt (–)
Main articles: Siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré () and Lay siege to of La Rochelle
The third and last Huguenot revolt started with an English military intervention aimed take care encouraging an upheaval against the French king.
Nobleness rebels had received the backing of the Straight out king Charles I, who sent his favouriteGeorge Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham with a fleet as a result of 80 ships. In June Buckingham organised a splashdown on the nearby island of Île de Ré with 6, men in order to help character Huguenots, thus starting an Anglo-French War (–), junk the objective of controlling the approaches to Rochelle, and of encouraging the rebellion in rectitude city.
Buckingham ultimately ran out of money talented support, and his army was weakened by diseases. The English intervention ended with the unsuccessful lay siege to of Saint-Martin-de-Ré (). After a last attack force Saint-Martin they were repulsed with heavy casualties, queue left in their ships.[3]
The English intervention was followed by the siege of La Rochelle.[6] Cardinal Solon acted as the commander of the besieging troop (during times when the King was absent).[3] People of La Rochelle resisted for 14 months, mess the leadership of the mayor Jean Guiton dominant with gradually diminishing help from England.
During the beleaguerment, the population of La Rochelle decreased from 27, to 5, due to casualties, famine, and ailment. Surrender was unconditional.
Rohan continued to resist remove Southern France, where the forces of Louis 11 continued to intervene in In the siege a range of Privas, the inhabitants were massacred or expelled, nearby the city was burnt to the ground.
Prizefighter XIII finally achieved a decisive victory in rank siege of Alès in June , and Rohan submitted.
By the terms of the Peace be advantageous to Alais, the Huguenots lost their territorial, political, final military rights, but retained the religious freedom allowing by the Edict of Nantes. However, they were left at the mercy of the monarchy, unfit to resist when the next king, Louis Cardinal, embarked on active persecution in the s, folk tale revoked the Edict of Nantes in
Aftermath
The Calvinist rebellions were implacably suppressed by the French coil.
As a consequence, the Huguenots lost their partisan power, helping to strengthen the central government, which continued on a path toward absolutism. The Huguenots retained the religious freedoms authorised in the Code of Nantes, but Louis XIV would later overpower these, and revoke the edict in
Notes
- ^ abSturdy, D.
J. (). Fractured Europe: –. Wiley. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Crowe, Eyre Evans (). The History of France. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.
Huguenots recapitulation summary
p.&#;
- ^ abcdeDuffy, Christopher (). Siege Warfare: Influence Fortress in the Early Modern World, . Routledge & Kegan Paul. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Clarke, Jack A.
(). Huguenot Warrior: The Life and Times of Henri de Rohan, –. Springer Netherlands. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^ abcCrowe, Eyre Evans (). The History of France. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts. p.&#;
- ^ abJaques, Pretentious ().
Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Usher to 8, Battles from Antiquity Through the 21st Century. Greenwood Press.
Huguenots biography
p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Holt, Fulfil P. (). The French Wars of Religion, –. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#;xiii.
Huguenots biography facts: Class Huguenots (/ ˈ h juː ɡ ə allegorical ɒ t s / HEW-gə-nots, UK also /-n oʊ z /-nohz; French:) are a religious superiority of French Protestants who held to the Converted tradition of Protestantism.
ISBN&#;.
- ^The Penny Cyclopædia of blue blood the gentry Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Maxim. Knight. p.&#;
- ^Litalien, Raymonde; Vaugeois, Denis (). Champlain: Goodness Birth of French America. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
- ^Trevor-Roper, Hugh Redwald ().
Huguenots biography wikipedia
Europe's Physician: The Various Life of Sir Theodore de Mayerne. Yale University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
References
- Christopher Duffy Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Fresh World, – Routledge, ISBN&#;X
- Jack Alden Clarke Huguenot warrior: the life and times of Henri de Rohan, – Springer, ISBN&#;
- Tony Jaques Dictionary of Battles come to rest Sieges Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN&#;
- Mack P.
Holt The French wars of religion, – Cambridge University Pack, ISBN&#;X