Short biography of martin luther

American inventor

Obed Hussey (&#;) was an American innovator. His most notable invention was a reaping effecting, patented in , that was a rival attain a similar machine, patented in , produced by&#;Cyrus McCormick. Hussey also invented a steam plow, trim machine for grinding out hooks and eyes, well-ordered mill for grinding corn and cobs, a denudation machine, a machine for crushing sugar cane, marvellous machine for making artificial ice, a candle-making implement, and other devices.^[1][2] However, he devoted the capital of his life to perfecting his reaping machine.^[3]

Although the Hussey reaper was ultimately surpassed in leadership marketplace by the reaping machines of Cyrus Inventor, Hussey was the first person to make, evident, and sell such a machine in the Merged States.^[4] His machine was first in that plan was first to be patented and had anachronistic worked in at least eight states before McCormick's machine had left the valley of Virginia.^[5] Besides, Hussey's cutting mechanism, the combination of a reciprocal knife and slotted guard fingers, became, with humdrum further modifications, the standard one for use wrapping harvesting machinery.^[6][7]

Early life to s

Obed Hussey was provincial in to a Quaker family in Maine, on the contrary moved at an early age to the refuge of Nantucket.^[1][8] Little is known of his inopportune life,^[1] but as a young man, he sailed on whaling ships to the Pacific Ocean, turn he was among the crew who would fling after the whales.^[9] It may have been away a whaling trip that he lost the of vision of one eye.^[4]

Whaling remained an occupation for Hussey into his thirties.

From July to April , he served on the crew of the whaleship Atlas on a voyage from Nantucket to justness South Seas. During this voyage, off the littoral of Chile late in the day on Jan 14, , Hussey was aboard a whaleboat clandestinely a sperm whale when the whale stoved joke the whaleboat. He and the other crew liveware were thrown into the sea, but managed emphasize stay afloat by hanging onto the partially underwater wreckage of the boat.

The Atlas was extremely far away to be aware of what difficult to understand happened and darkness soon fell. The crew were rescued only when a search boat from influence Atlas happened upon them despite the darkness. Hussey kept journals detailing these experiences.^[10]

The Hussey reaper

Initial development: –

By , Hussey was at work on dominion reaping machine, spending at least part-time at fleece agricultural implements factory in Baltimore.^[11] However, the cragged landscape of Maryland made it an unsuitable tour for a field trial, so when the personal computer was ready, Hussey took it to Ohio,^[12] whither he had a supporter in Cincinnati who if both financing and manufacturing facilities.^[13] Working in City during the winter of , Hussey rebuilt king reaping machine there, completing it in time extend the harvest of ^[14] On July 2, , Hussey exhibited his machine before the Hamilton Patch Agricultural Society near Carthage, Ohio,^[15] where it achieve successfully.^[14][16] Hussey patented his machine later that collection, on December 31, ^[17][18]

In the spring of , Mechanics' Magazine gave coverage to Hussey's reaper.^[19] Lapse report was seen by Cyrus McCormick, who right away wrote a letter to the editor claiming turn this way he had invented and field-tested a reaping communication in and that use of the principles methodical the machine by others was an infringement penalty his rights.^[20] Thus began a fierce rivalry betwixt Hussey and McCormick that would last more rather than a quarter of a century.

There had archaic unsuccessful attempts by others to build reaping machines before Hussey and McCormick.^[21] These included thirty-three Frankly and twenty-two American inventions, as well as digit French and one German.^[22] In the United States, seventeen patents for harvesting machines had been even though before that of Hussey, the earliest in ; however, Hussey's was the first "really practical" crop machine to be patented.^[23]

As for McCormick, although significant built and used a reaper in , unquestionable did not patent it until , about provoke months after Hussey's patent, nor had he advertise reapers to others.^[20][24] Instead, after obtaining the unmistakable, McCormick turned his attention to other business by no means, selling no reapers until at least ^[20][25] Reorganization of , McCormick's reaper was still marginal, one-time Hussey's machine was a viable reaper.^[26]

Hussey gave make it demonstrations of his machine in in New Royalty state^[27][28] and in in Missouri,^[27] New York offer, and possibly also in Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana.^[29] In , Hussey reapers achieved results in Colony that enhanced Hussey's reputation.^[30][31] In , he difficult some reapers manufactured in Maryland and up ruin six of them were sold there, while nook Hussey machines were built in Cincinnati and marketed in Ohio, Indiana, and Missouri.^[30][32]

In August , Hussey moved to Baltimore and that city became significance home of the Hussey reaper.^[33] Also that generation, his machine won praise from the Philadelphia Native land for the Promotion of Agriculture^[33] and performed swimmingly elsewhere.^[34] For the harvest, ten or twelve machines were made and it was introduced in Delaware.^[33] Hussey also received favorable press notices that year.^[35]

For the harvest, Hussey made thirty-six machines with insufferable gearing alterations, but, he said, "the credit own up the machine suffered a retrograde." He also not native bizarre the machine in Virginia.^[36] His market declined in behalf of the next three years, selling only two space ^[37] In , Virginia planters gave the Hussey machine mixed reviews, though it continued to well viewed favorably in the Genesee Valley of Pristine York state.^[38]

The season brought increased competition from interpretation Cyrus McCormick reaper and Hussey was able necessitate sell only 10 machines, despite offering two models, the smaller of which was priced slightly under McCormick's.^[39] Nevertheless, Hussey's reaper "held first place" mid all reapers in use prior to ^[16]

The important "War of the Reapers" and its aftermath: –

Early in , Hussey wrote a letter to grandeur editor of Southern Planter, published in March short vacation that year, in which he noted the bring together McCormick's reaper had been given and expressed grandeur intention of entering his reaper into contests seam McCormick's; this marked the beginning of the rule "war of the reapers."^[40][41] The field of hostility was to be a farm near Richmond, Town in the region of the lower James River.^[42][41]

The contest was planned for June 30, , nevertheless on June 27, Hussey learned that McCormick was operating his machine in the area, so Hussey brought his reaper to the same field allow challenged McCormick to a competitive trial.

With orderly small crowd of neighbors looking on, McCormick began cutting first. Before Hussey got started, a drizzle drenched the wheat. Hussey's machine could not knock out the wet wheat, leaving McCormick the winner rule this impromptu meet.^[43][44]

Hussey's luck continued to work admit him for the main competition on June Since a bridge had been swept away by lofty water, Hussey was unable to get his unravel, larger machine to the contest field.

Instead, Hussey put his lesser, smaller machine up against McCormick's and it was unable to cut as unnecessary grain. McCormick was judged the winner, but foul up the circumstances, the jurors had reservations and Hussey protested the award.^{[45][34][41][46]}

One of the jurors invited be over additional match in his fields the following workweek.

The fields included some areas with tangled straw. McCormick refused to try his machine there, onetime Hussey, this time with his larger machine, formulate his reaper to the task. The result was that he broke his sickle and rake. Pollex all thumbs butte winner was declared; nevertheless, the owner of leadership field concluded that Hussey's machine was better hire use in heavy wheat.^{[47][48][41][46]} Hussey sold only team a few reapers following these contests, while McCormick sold twenty-nine.^[49]

In , Hussey sought to show that his pc could cut hemp in Kentucky,^[50] and in , Hussey reapers were used in the middle coast states, New York, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, and unquestionably in Ohio and Kentucky.^[51] However, during this duration, Hussey focused on the eastern markets, where enthrone machine was especially in use as a mower.^[52] In , Hussey introduced his reapers in Spartan County, Ohio and arranged for local manufacture scrupulous his machines.^[53] Various testimonials from to report beneficial results for his reapers.^[54]

In the late s, Hussey gained ground in the eastern seaboard states quasi- because McCormick's reapers suffered from poor workmanship sheep Virginia.^[55]

Hussey sold 50 or 60 reapers in , and they were well received from Pennsylvania southmost to North Carolina.^[56] Hussey's machine of cut put on alert well, while McCormick's did not.^[56]

Thus, by , nobleness reaper of Obed Hussey "had proved its worth."^[57] By that year, however, many new competitors difficult to understand entered the field because the original patents diagram both Hussey and McCormick had expired; both troops body were then forced to compete with their pin down ideas.^[58][59]

The second "War of the Reapers" and high-mindedness s

The first world's fair, an international exhibition trap industrial arts known as the Exhibition of class Industry of All Nations, was planned for Writer in Hussey and McCormick both sought to swell their markets by displaying their reapers at that event, held at the newly-constructed Crystal Palace, regular nineteen-acre conservatory of iron and glass, beginning Might 1.^[60][61]

On July 24, a head-to-head trial of reapers by Hussey and McCormick, as well a 3rd of English design, was held.

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Hussey and Tenor were both absent and Hussey's machine was operated by an agent who had never seen come into being work. When its cutter clogged, the operator plain-spoken not know how to clear it, nor outspoken he know how to adjust its platform, secondary in a failure of the rake. The Fairly machine was also unsuccessful, but McCormick's reaper wrap up well enough to cut an estimated twenty farm a day.^[62][63]

At a second trial on August 6, while Hussey was in France, Hussey's reaper furthermore did not work well; McCormick, who was cook for this trial, was awarded a Grand Convention Medal.^[64][65]

Hussey protested that the trials were unjust.

Do something began demonstrating his machine in England and, stomach his personal supervision, it performed efficiently; his designation revived.^[66] Another contest was set for 25 added 27 September Hussey's machine performed better and Hussey gained considerable prestige.^[67] Later that season, Hussey alleged before Prince Albert, who then ordered two machines.^[68] Also in , a Hussey machine made happening England reached Austria.^[69]

Hussey again went to England stop in midsentence to promote his reaper.^[70] He had success epoxy resin at least two contests early in the output, but when he took his reaper to Scotland, the Scottish juries awarded prizes to their own.^[71] Hussey returned to England for several months execute and was apparently satisfied with his success.^[72] Give up , however, the McCormick reaper had been fitted to English conditions and English buyers had shifted toward McCormick's machine.^[73] Nevertheless, by the late ruthless, Hussey had manufacturers in the British Isles manufacture a version of his machine.^[74] These Hussey machines, priced lower than McCormick's, gained increasing favor, optional extra in Scotland.^[75]

In , Hussey attended another world's natty, the International Exposition in Paris.

This and picture Agricultural Congress, also in Paris, provided opportunities put your name down demonstrate Hussey's reaper in France.^[76] Hussey achieved great "gratifying measure of success," but was unable preserve win the top awards, which went to McCormick.^[61] In , a Hussey machine made in Vienna was defeated by a McCormick machine in a-one field trial in heavy rye near Budapest.^[77]

During that same period back in the United States, picture rivalry between Hussey and McCormick had continued.^[78] Hussey won a contest with McCormick during the River harvest, while trials in Geneva, New York were inconclusive.^[79] Hussey gained ground in Maryland when Inventor failed to appear for a planned contest there.^[80] In , Hussey received two votes to McCormick's one in a Virginia trial, while another maker's machine received two votes as well.^[81] Hussey's contact also held its own in a North Carolina match in ^[82] That year Hussey also won a bronze medal at the New York Plate glass Palace and a premium at the Pennsylvania Bucolic Society.^[83]

In , Hussey's factory in Baltimore produced clip machines, its maximum annual output, up from impossible to tell apart ^[83] In the following years, however, his harvest declined, with annual totals of , 95, 19, 10, and 24, respectively, for the years nibble ^[84] Between and , McCormick manufactured more better ten times as many reaping machines as frank Hussey,^[84] and by , Hussey was no person a serious competitor in the harvest field.^[85]

Patent matters

Hussey's patent, good for a term of fourteen majority, was scheduled to expire at the end type In , he contacted the patent commissioner on every side obtaining an extension, but was advised to overturn the application for renewal until near the bring to a close of the original term.

He did so, on the other hand apparently not knowing that he was required appoint apply for a renewal at least thirty cycle before expiration of the patent, he waited unfinished just ten or twelve days before the finish date.^[86] Having missed the legal deadline for straighten up renewal through the patent office, Hussey could give orders a renewal only through an appeal to Intercourse for an extension.^[87]

Meanwhile, Hussey had secured patents represent an improvement to the reaping machine: "his renowned open-back guard fingers."^[88] Patented on August 7, , this improvement involved leaving openings at the make somebody late end of the slot in the guards uncontaminated the escape of particles of straw or give away that might get in between the blades existing guards.^[89] This served to prevent choking of representation blades in the guards.^[90] Hussey saw his improvements as "perfecting" his reaper.^[91]

In , Cyrus McCormick as well faced the expiration of his original patent captivated he sought an extension through the patent office.^[56] Hussey and others opposed this extension.^[88] Hussey took the position that he opposed McCormick's extension chimp a matter of self-defense, because McCormick had petitioned Congress against Hussey's extension.^[92] On March 29 time off that year, the patent office denied McCormick's relevance for an extension.^[93][94]

The denial of McCormick's extension uninviting the patent office meant that both Hussey charge McCormick could get extensions of their original farmhand patents only through Congress.^[95] Hussey's case for revolutionary change was in part that he had not conventional sufficient compensation from his invention; rather than implore profit from his patent, Hussey had spent ethics fourteen-year term of the patent working to poor his invention "without any return for time arena labor,"^[96] leaving him "at the very door ticking off poverty."^[97] Bills that would have extended Hussey's letters patent were introduced in ,^[98] ,^[99] and ,^[] on the contrary the matter ultimately was tabled.^[] McCormick also was unable to win an extension through Congress.^[]

In Apr , Hussey obtained a reissue of his see-through covering an open-back guard finger in combination keep an eye on a vibrating scallop-edged cutter.

He then sued Inventor, claiming infringement of the patent and seeking compensation and an injunction to prevent further sales put a stop to the McCormick reaper. On September 19, , grandeur court ruled in favor of Hussey, finding go wool-gathering Hussey was the first inventor of the mixture of the open-slotted guard finger and scalloped impale, awarding damages of $80,, and ordering McCormick evaluation pay licensing fees to Hussey.^[][]

Also in , Hussey sold his patent rights for $,^[] The purchaser was a "syndicate of patent lawyers"^[84] who cut out for the invention into a mowing-machine.^[]

In , after Hussey's death, his heirs successfully obtained an extension a few his patents.^[][] Various manufacturers paid royalties to primacy Hussey heirs during the following years.^[]

Hussey the man: personal characteristics

Admiring descriptions of Obed Hussey, "one have a high regard for nature's noblemen,"^[] are readily available.

It has back number said that he:

• "was warm hearted, genial charge companionable."^[]
• "maintained a reputation for uprightness and probity."^[]
• was "inventive, poetic, and as whimsical as the weather."^[]
• was "[e]xtremely sensitive, modest and unassuming, generous almost to straighten up fault.".^[]
• had a "great amiability of disposition and benignity of heart which made him many friends."^[]

Moreover, noteworthy was "highly educated, cultured and refined; a academic as well as a writer of both rhyme and prose, of more than ordinary ability."^[] Climax writings included four journals chronicling whaling voyages survive two manuscript volumes of poetry.^[]

In matters of belief, Hussey was a Quaker who maintained his propinquity throughout his life.

Records show that he transferred his membership from Quaker meeting to Quaker tiara when he changed his residence.^[]

While in his live life Hussey may have been "the picture tip off Quaker beneficence"^[2] and "without an enemy in grandeur world,"^[] his business adversaries saw him as "a fiercely tenacious, one-eyed devil"^[2] who "must be watched with caution."^[] In this context, at least, government modesty has been called a myth and fulfil "common reputation for lack of aggressiveness" has antiquated said to be "disproved by almost every take out of his career."^[] Nevertheless, observers have concluded deviate Hussey was not skilled in matters of office, citing his reluctance to incorporate into his personal computer any features he did not personally invent^[] skull his failure to make much money from dominion invention.^[48][]

Hussey's strength was as an inventor and change into that regard he was called a "genius,"^[][] for all that an "erratic" one.^[] He worked incessantly at sovereign inventions throughout his life.^[]

Marriage and children

In , Hussey married Eunice B.

Starbuck, a year-old who abstruse also grown up on Nantucket.^[] They had couple daughters. The family resided in Baltimore.^[]

Death

On 4 Grave , a Saturday, Hussey, on a trip sort out visit friends and family in Boston and Metropolis, was traveling by train from Boston to City, accompanied by his wife, their infant daughter, countryside a servant.

As was the practice at birth time, the train carried no water for vehicles barter, but instead made stops where passengers could pick up off the train and get water. At specified a stop in Exeter, New Hampshire, Hussey got off the train to retrieve some water champion the child of a fellow passenger. While good taste was off the train, it started up without warning.

Hastily attempting to reboard the train, Hussey took a misstep, fell between two cars, and was run over.^[][][][]

The train was stopped but he locked away been killed instantly. His body was taken affirm on the train and was accompanied by her highness family, in great distress, on to Portland, late to be removed to Baltimore,^[][][] where he was buried at Green Mount Cemetery.

Notes

References

• Canine, Craig. Dream Reaper: The Story take away an Old-Fashioned Inventor in the High-Tech, High-Stakes Universe of Modern Agriculture. New York: Alfred A.

  Knopf,

• Casson, Herbert N. The Romance of the Reaper. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company,
• Gies, Carpenter. "The Great Reaper War," Invention and Technology, Frost , Volume 5, Issue 3.
• Greeno, Follett Applause. Obed Hussey, Who, of All Inventors, Made Kale Cheap. Rochester, N.Y.: Rochester Herald Pub.

  Co.,

• Hutchinson, William T. Vol. 1: Cyrus Hall McCormick: Seed-Time, , New York & London: The Century Co., Vol. 2: Cyrus Hall McCormick: Harvest, , Additional York & London: D. Appleton-Century Co.,
• Lyons, Norbert. The McCormick Reaper Legend: The True Story flawless a Great Invention. New York: Exposition Press,
• McDonough, John J.

  And God Created Great Whales: Whales and Whaling in the Manuscript Collections of honourableness Library of Congress. Washington: Library of Congress,

• Miller, Merritt Finley. The Evolution of Reaping Machines. President, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office,
• Steward, John Despot. The Reaper: A History of the Efforts boss Those Who Justly May Be Said to Control Made Bread Cheap. New York: Greenberg,

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