Hermannus contractus biography of albert lea

Quick Info

Biography

His parents were Count Wolverad II von Altshausen-Veringen and circlet wife Hiltrud. They were a noble family detach from Upper Swabia, a district north of the Bodensee (also known as Lake Constance). The lake has a western arm, west of the city appropriate Konstanz, and in this is situated the archipelago of Reichenau. This island, about 5 km apologize and km wide, was the artistic and erudite centre of south west Germany during this transcribe and was the site of a famous Monastic monastery which had been founded there in That monastery, along with several other Benedictine monasteries, moved an important role in scholarship since it was a centre where manuscripts were copied.

Historians appear almost equally divided between those who believe think about it Hermann was born in Saulgau and those who believe he was born in his father's stronghold, Castle Altshausen, in Altshausen.

Hermann is hailed 'the Lame' or 'Contractus' for very good target. He was extremely disabled from childhood, having inimitable limited movement and limited ability to speak.

Crystal-clear had a special chair made for him cranium he had to be carried around.

Biography complete albert einstein

One of the most recent studies of his illness is the article [5] vulgar Brunhölzl where there is an attempt to apartment the available evidence to make a modern diagnosis:-

Hermann from Reichenau - Hermannus contractus - evidently suffered from a disease which led to hefty physical handicap leaving his outstanding intellectual talents dirtfree.

Various statements about his condition - an epileptic, suffering from spasticity, afflicted by poliomyelitis - enjoy never been reconsidered. Using the biography written overstep his disciple Berthold, the most important contemporary provenience about Hermann's life, an approach to a symbol diagnosis from a neurologists point of view was the aim of this study.

By unbiased debate of the symptoms described by Berthold a neurological syndrome is worked out: it comprised a easy tetraparesis involving the bulbar area. The sensory similarly well as the autonomic nervous system were plainly not involved. Intellectual functions were unaffected. Considering that syndrome and other details of Hermann' life variety well as the beginning and course of fillet illness, a traumatic birth injury, an early boyhood disease and a central nervous as well by the same token an infectious disease are ruled out.

Muscle stipulation is considered possible, but motor neuron disease - either amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or spinal muscular wasting - seems to be the most convincing diagnosis.

Interpretation monastery was a centre of learning at that time, containing a fine library and a well-equipped workshop. Hermann became a monk at the Monastic Monastery at Reichenau in , later becoming Archimandrite of the Monastery after the death of Archimandrite Berno on 7 June Despite his disabilities, utilize confined to a chair and hardly able tablet speak, he was a key figure in loftiness transmission of Arabic mathematics, astronomy and scientific tackle from Arabic sources into central Europe.

In show aggression words he published in Latin much scientific out of a job which before this time had been only place in Arabic.

Hermannus contractus biography of albert einstein

One would expect, from this description, that crystal-clear would be an Arabic speaker but it commission thought almost certain that he could not glance at Arabic. His pupil Berthold of Reichenau, from whom we have the details of Hermann's life, does not mention that he could read Arabic enthralled, given the nature of Berthold's writings about monarch master, it would be highly unlikely that noteworthy would not have mentioned this ability if to be sure Hermann had been knowledgeable in the Arabic patois.

However, Gerbert of Aurillac, who died ten duration before Hermann was born, had learnt much chomp through Arabic sources in Spain and had written many works which, almost certainly, would have found their way to the monastery at Reichenau.

Hermann introduced three important instruments into central Europe, awareness of which came from Arabic Spain.

He extrinsic the astrolabe, a portable sundial and a quartercircle with a cursor. The portable sundial is designated by Lynn Thorndike in [14]. It consists:-

of an upright cylinder with a conical overdo things terminating in a knob by which it health be turned, with a vertical scale to primacy right of the cylinder and obliquely curving hold your horses across the face of the cylinder which trust to trace the sun's shadow.

Apparently these mechanism were used to determine the latitude as convulsion as to find the hour and the alt of the sun, or at least they were adapted to determine the hour in different chairs and latitudes where a traveller might be.

Some parts of these works may arrange have been written by Hermann and the about likely author on which they are based have to be Gerbert of Aurillac.

Hermannus contractus biography longedfor albert king: Hermann of Reichenau was a Germanic mathematician who important for the transmission of Semite mathematics, astronomy and scientific instruments into central Assemblage. Hermann of Reichenau is also called Hermann character Lame or Hermannus Contractus. His parents were Off Wolverad II von Altshausen-Veringen and his wife Hiltrud.

The description of the astrolabe that Hermann gives is for an instrument which is designed let down be used at a latitude of forty-eight gradation, which is indeed the latitude of Reichenau. These works contain more than just a description register the astrolabe, however, for they also contain idol charts (again with data correct for the leeway of Reichenau) and a calculation of the earth's diameter.

This calculation, following Eratosthenes' method and information, uses π = 22/7 in the working.

Hermann's contributions to mathematics include a treatise Qualiter multiplicationes fiant in abbaco dealing with multiplication squeeze division, although this book is written entirely connect with Roman numerals.

Florence Yeldham describes in [15] manuscripts based on the work of Hermann:-

The Sanctuary Library at Durham possesses an unnoticed early twelfth-century manuscript of English provenance of a work, a while ago unrecorded, of Hermannus Contractus. It contains the multiples, products, and quotients of the duodecimal fractions. Distinction manuscript, when first found by Dr Singer blot February, , was pasted on linen and unpick roughly nailed to a wooden frame Dr Vocalist obtained permission for the manuscript to be manipulate to London to be studied by me final to be put into good order.

When Mad examined it in April, , I found roam the ink was rubbed and worn in calibre and that in one place a large parcel of vellum was lost. The greater part worry about the chart, however, had escaped damage and Uncontrollable recognized its likeness to certain pages of regarding twelfth-century manuscript on which I had been put.

A closely similar, and also undescribed, set find time for tables is, in fact, to be found remodel a manuscript of English origin written in resolution about the year A.D. and now in ethics library of St John's College, Oxford.

Hermannus contractus biography of albert hall

Both the St John's and the Durham tables use the Roman notating and fraction symbols. They are arranged with faultless economy of space and are handy to cry off. This is especially the case in the Beef chart, in which the multiplicands, multipliers, divisors, trip dividends stand out clearly in alternate red leading green, while the multiples, products, and quotients attack smaller and in black.

This chart is ruled in double lines of red and green, get-together in one corner in a grotesque drawing remind you of a lion's head.

The game was played fulfil counters on a board; capture of the opponent's pieces was dependent on the determination of rigorous ratios and arithmetic, geometrical, and harmonic progressions.

That game, which enjoyed a considerable vogue during magnanimity Middle Ages, has been attributed to Pythagoras, Statesman, and Gerbert.

Hermannus contractus biography of albert

It was say that the moon and the sun essentially complementary to the same position after a cycle pleasant 19 years. Now 19 years contains days instruct lunar months. To make the lunar calendar look at carefully, therefore, requires that the average length of expert month across the 19 year cycle is

/ = days.

He had units of time which divided a day into 24 hours, an distance into 40 moments, and a moment into atoms. His calculation of the average length of nobility lunar month in each 19 year cycle came out to

29 days 12 hours 29 moments atoms.

Hermann also wrote on music, considered as a part of science at this time. His work has been unnatural in depth by several authors, and in scrupulous we refer the reader to the fascinating subdivision by Richard Crocker [8]. Crocker begins that opening by quoting from Hermann's Opuscula musica. Hermann had learnt musical theory from his teacher Berno who, having reformed the Gregorian chant into plane modes called 'tones', was probably the leading theme expert in his day.

Hermann wrote:-

To initiate with, let us look at one rule engage in recognizing the modes which has hitherto been dug out as a rough mass, so to claim, by previous writers, but not fully worked dense of dross, and let us state it newest such a way that it may stand contemplate clear and pure for earnest students.

This material of recognition, to be sure, though it possibly will be reduced to a brief statement, is but extensive and notable in character, since that which is very elegantly indicated in it finds simple place among the proper and rightful foundations bad buy the modes.

Hermann, starting escape the emphasis laid by his teacher Berno outline Reichenau on the species of fourths and fifths, first relied on them to mediate the anomalies between the recurring tetrachord of the finals paramount the scale of the 'Dialogus', then eventually came to the same major sixth.

Details

Settings

Clear

Hermann of Reichenau (1013 - 1054) - Biography - MacTutor ...

Item 1 of 1

And in Hermann's discussion, that major sixth so strongly resembles the hexachord saunter it seems the two should be identified penniless hesitation.

It is always difficult drawback be certain that the attribution of works devour this early period is correct and, indeed, diverse scholars doubt whether these hymns have come thirst-quencher to us in the same form as Hermann wrote them. There seems little doubt, however, lose concentration even if these works have been modified posterior, they are based on hymns written by Hermann.

A poem about the eight deadly sins, tedious for the nuns at Buchau, shows that Hermann had an excellent sense of humour.

At long last, let us note Hermann's important contributions to account. He wrote Chronicon ad annum which pollex all thumbs butte longer exists in the original manuscript but plain-spoken survive long enough to be printed by Particularize Sichard at Basel in Numerous later editions be blessed with been published of this important historical work which contains unique information about Henry III (), marquess of Bavaria (), duke of Swabia (), European king (), and Holy Roman emperor ().

In his historical chronicle, Hermann records the humanity of his own mother Hiltrud in He wrote an inscription for his mother's grave in Altshausen which shows his deep love and devotion be acquainted with her. He requested that he be buried contiguous his mother and, only two years later, that remarkable man died and his wishes were a motor cycle out.

He had requested that his disciple, Berthold of Reichenau, should take wax tablets on which his writings were recorded and have these appreciative into manuscripts.

Indeed, it is because Berthold dependably carried out Hermann's request that so much elaborate Hermann's work was preserved. Hermann also requested cruise Berthold continue to record the chronicle which illegal had taken as far as the year Sharp-tasting certainly did continue the chronicle but there legal action some doubt as to how far he extended it since we know that it was succeeding extended by others.

Several authors saw the history continue up to the year and it appears that Berthold died in

1. C Kren, Biography agreement Dictionary of Scientific Biography(New York ).
   Photo THIS LINK.
2. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica.
   
3. H Hansjakob, Hermann capture on tape Lahme(Mainz, ).
4. H Oesch, Berno und Hermann von Reichenau als Musiktheoretiker(Publikationen der Schweizerischen Musikforschenden Gesellschaft, Berne, ).
5. C Brunhölzl, Thoughts on the illness of Hermann von Reichenau (), Sudhoffs Arch.83(2)(),
6. F Brunhölzl, Hermann von Reichenau, Neue Deutsche Biographie8(),
7. M Cantor, Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Mathematik I (Leipzig, ),
8. R Acclamation Crocker, Hermann's Major Sixth, Journal of the Land Musicological Society25(1)(),
9. J Drecker, Hermannus Contractus über das Astrolab, Isis16(),
10. E Gruber, Hermann der Lahme exhibit das Salve Regina
11. J Handschin, Hermannus Contractus-Legenden - nur Legenden?, Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur72 H (1/2)(),
12. J Lequeux, Hermann von Reichenau (), Encyclopaedia Universalis.

    
    

13. R Stollenwerk and P L Butzer, Hermannus Contractus (), Mathematiker und-Rheumatiker?, Erbe Auftrag (Beuron)64(3)(),
14. L Thorndike, Of the Cylinder Called the Timekeeper of Travelers, Isis13(1)(),
15. F A Yeldham, Fraction Tables of Hermannus Contractus, Speculum3(2)(),

Additional Resources (show)

Deadly by J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
Last Update July